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EN
The article undertakes a polemological reflection which is not limited to historiography and philosophy of history, being an attempt at reaching multidimensional and non-standard vision of war. It may seem that studying a computer simulation of people’s lives during the war conflict is far from what a literary scholar should be doing. Nevertheless, This War of Mine redefines the notion of computer games and of classically defined agon. The interactive production of Warsaw 11 bit studios becomes a pretext for studying the ways in which new media refer to literature. The unique experience of war depicted by This War of Mine draws from literary testimonies but at the same time it captures more than literature could ever do. Is the “word in play” the missing link of Bachtin’s equation?
EN
This article presents a creative and destabilising function of art created in urban public space. This public space is here seen according to the view of belgian philosopher Chantal Mouffe as agon - battleground and confrontation of hegemonic projects. Public art is one approach to take the floor in a public debate this is why it has a political character. Krzysztof Wodiczko is a creator of this type of art who postulates creation through democratic public space art and promotes public domain. This article particularly shows his concept contained in “The Abolition of War” publication.
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LA
Sophistarum doctrinae, quae ad ingenia civium conformanda multum valuit, magna etiam in Euripidis tragoediis vis fuit. In hac dissertatione praecipue ea tractantur, quae in fabula Alcestidi dicata insunt et cum Protagorae praeceptis rhetoricis comparari possint. Protagoras, sophista clarissimus, qui de oppositionibus mułta disserere solebat, duas de quavis re oppositas opiniones esse existimavit. Qua de causa orationes inter se contrarias haberi posse opinatus est. Euripides, qui sophistarum disciplinam secutus esse creditur, exposuit nobis dupłices orationes, quae lingua graeca <5iUUOI ).óyOl appellatae sunt. In Euripidis fabula, quae Alcestis inscribitur, eius generis disputationes ita a dramatis figuris actae sunt, ut cuiusque personae opinio exprimeretur. Ab Euripide homines, qui inter se natura moribusque differunt, in scaenam inducti sunt. Qui omnes ea, quae agerentur facta variis modis aestimabant. Quam ob rem sine uHadubitatione Euripidem non solum orationes inter se contrarias probationesque adversas sed etiam naturam humanam diversam ostendisse dici potest.
EN
The subject of reflection in this article is one of the most spectacular clashes in the Young Poland arena. The confrontation was initiated by Józef Albin Herbaczewski (Juozapas Albinas Herbačiauskas), a bilingual Lithuanian writer, who in the early twentieth century was connected with the artistic and scientific community of Kraków and was an active journalist writing on the topic of Polish-Lithuanian relations. His adversary was Tadeusz Miciński, a Young Poland poet, playwright, and prose writer, similarly to Herbaczewski committed to the national revival of Poland and Lithuania. The author of the article tries to find an answer to the question why, despite a clear conceptual and ideological affinity, as well as a certain closeness of artistic attitudes and aesthetic choices, the two writers entered into an intense conflict with one another. Unveiling the backstage of the Lithuanian author’s adoption of a revisionist stance towards Miciński, the article also refers to Bloom’s theory of the “anxiety of influence”. The intensification of the agon referred to in the title means both a growing tension in mutual relations, which will translate into subsequent literary skirmishes, and the multi-objectivity of this writers’ duel (including the indirect participation of Stanisław Tarnowski).
PL
Przedmiotem namysłu badawczego w niniejszym artykule jest jedno z najbardziej spektakularnych starć literackich na arenie Młodej Polski. Zainicjowane ono zostało przez Józefa Albina Herbaczewskiego (Juozapasa Albinasa Herbačiauskasa), młodolitewskiego pisarza dwujęzycznego, związanego na początku XX wieku ze środowiskiem artystyczno-naukowym Krakowa i prowadzącego aktywną działalność publicystyczną w kwestii relacji polsko-litewskich. Jego adwersarzem był Tadeusz Miciński, młodopolski poeta, dramaturg i prozaik, podobnie jak Herbaczewski zaangażowany na rzecz odrodzenia narodowego Polski i Litwy. Autorka artykułu próbuje znaleźć odpowiedź na pytanie, dlaczego pomimo czytelnego powinowactwa myślowego i ideowego, a także pewnego zbliżenia postaw artystycznych i wyborów estetycznych, dochodzi pomiędzy obu pisarzami do gwałtownego zwarcia na polu literackim. Odsłaniając kulisy przyjęcia przez litewskiego twórcę stanowiska rewizjonistycznego wobec Micińskiego, autorka odwołuje się także do Bloomowskiej teorii „lęku przed wpływem”. Tytułowe potęgowanie agonu oznacza zarówno narastanie napięcia we wzajemnych relacjach, co przełoży się na kolejne akty literackiego starcia, jak i wielopodmiotowość tego pisarskiego pojedynku (m.in. pośredni udział Stanisława Tarnowskiego).
EN
The poem Mój Adamito... [My Adamita...], included in Słowacki’s Raptularz [Diary] written in silva rerum style, has been considered so far as a literary piece aimed at Mickiewicz himself as the poem expresses a bitter reaction to the ideological condition of The Circle of God’s Cause in which Słowacki had been denied a membership. However, these interpretations appear to be incomplete. The poem shows a record of Słowacki’s magisterial and yet benevolent attitude towards Mickiewicz, exposing him, as an artists hardened in the struggle for the values he believes in, to a situation when Mickiewicz, stripped off people’s admiration, must defend the ideas he holds to.
PL
Wiersz Mój Adamito... zapisany został w sylwicznym Raptularzu i w dotychczasowych interpretacjach traktowany był jako utwór skierowany przeciwko Mickiewiczowi, będący gorzką reakcją na ideowy kształt Koła Sprawy Bożej, w którym nie było już miejsca dla Słowackiego. Lektura taka wydaje się niepełna. Utwór jest zapisem mentorskiej, ale i życzliwej, postawy Słowackiego, który, jako twórca bardziej doświadczony w bojach o swoje wartości, ukazuje Mickiewiczowi obecną sytuację, gdy nie jest już powszechnie podziwianym idolem i musi walczyć o wyznawane idee.
EN
The article attempts to present essentiality – one of the concepts used most frequently by Witkacy – as a performative category. The artist was aware that essentiality would not have the final form in the dictionary of intellectual concepts, that it could not be fixed within stable definitions, but continued his efforts to push the boundaries of the human mind as far as possible. The paper analyses Witkacy’s epistemological tactics using Anna Krajewska’s dramatic theory of literature, which draws, among other things, on the achievements of performative discourse. Seen in this perspective, Witkacy’s ‘essential conversations’ can be regarded as dramatic forms which establish essentiality in constant motion and give it the character of a processual event – of something uncertain in a state of unreadiness, something attempted.
EN
In current research on the work of Franz Kafka, war issues occur rather incidentally. In the presented article, the Author points out the omission of kafkology and tries to indicate possible directions of belumic interpretation. The sketch for Kafka’s war portrait is inspired by the short story Fratricide. The text, which shows the inspiration of the biblical story of Cain and Abel, is a beginning of Kafka’s thinking about a world determined by violence, controlled by a bloody conflict. The first assassination is a prototype of mass destruction, war and genocide. Kafka seems to have subordinated his future feature projects on the subject of war. The author of the article postulates the reading of Kafka’s books as texts about war, not only about the metaphorical one but also the real one.
PL
W dotychczasowych badaniach nad twórczością Franza Kafki problematyka wojenna występuje raczej zdawkowo i incydentalnie. W prezentowanym artykule, Autor wytyka zaniechanie kafkologów i próbuje wskazać możliwe kierunki belumicznej interpretacji. Szkic do portretu wojennego inspirowany jest opowiadaniem prażanina zatytułowanym Bratobójstwo. Tekst, w którym widać inspiracje biblijną historią Kaina i Abla, to zaczyn kafkowskiego myślenia o świecie zdeterminowanym przemocą, opanowanym przez krwawy konflikt. Gest podniesienia ręki przez barat na brata to prototyp masowej zagłady, wojny jako takiej, a także ludobójstwa. Wydaje się, że na tym tekstowym poligonie doświadczalnym, przećwiczył Kafka swe przyszłe projekty fabularne. Utwory autora Bratobójstwa, czytane jako wykwit wyobraźni opanowanej pożogą wojenną, uzupełniają, zaniechane wcześniej przez znawców, pole badawcze.
EN
The article gives information about the competition between ancient culture and art. One of the main principles of the existence of ancient Greek culture was agony. The whole system of sports competitions, and not only, of ancient Greece was called agonistics (from greek agonisticos) the ability to fight. The ancient Greeks identified three types of competitions: in sports, in racing quadrigas (chariots) and horse races and in art contests. Agonistics for the Greeks was the main element of life and culture, which provided the opportunity to realize the life potential of every free citizen of the world, and in this way to assert themselves all over the country, come closer to the parents deities, in whose honor the Greeks demonstrated their skills in various types of athletics and competitions. Agonistics is a desire for self-claiming victories that would have required the Greeks, constantly and purposefully to train not only physical qualities, but also the skill of the art brush, sculptors the stack and the ability to write outstanding hymns, odes, poems and tragedies. In other words, competitive activity has been an integral part of the existence of the ancient Greeks; it affected all aspects of Greek life: education, culture, art, architecture, etc.In later history, we celebrate the influence of art Agonistics on the culture of Macedonia, Rome and the Greek colonies of the Northern black sea. For the first time to the competitive phenomenon in art drew attention Swiss Professor Jakob Burckhardt who applied the term “agon” in relation to antique battle between artists, sculptors, poets and others, in his work “Greek cultural history”, written in 1898−1902. Artistic agony continued for a long time to live in the works of the famous painters and sculptors of the middle ages. The ancient cult of physicality as the main motive of creativity of Greek craftsmen, continued his life in the sculptures of Michelangelo, Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini, Auguste Rodin, Antonio Canova; paintings of Michelangelo da Caravaggio, Raphael, Pietro da Cortona, Peter Paul Rubens and others. The prospect of further research should be the introduction of the information obtained about the artistic agony of ancient Greece to the lecture course of the disciplines “Olympic sport” and “Philosophy of sport”.
Vox Patrum
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2000
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vol. 38
415-426
IT
Il motivo degli agoni e presente da Tertulliano particolarmente nel contesto del tema di persecuzione e di martirio. Spesso si tratta della parafrasi dei testi biblici, nei quali tali motivi sono gia presenti.
EN
In the poem under discussion, [“Nie to człek duchowny, podług Zana słów...”] [“Ney he is a spiritual man, according to Zan’s words”] by Juliusz Słowacki, the name and surname of Adam Mickiewicz is not mentioned; nevertheless, subtle references indicate that the work may be an ironic statement about him. The article situates it in relation to other references to Mickiewicz in Słowacki’s works and reveals the layers of references to art, under which one can look for a hidden antagonism between the artists. The analysis stems from the conviction that Słowacki used the paintings of Our Lady of Częstochowa and Raphael’s Madonna in a polemical manner. The juxtaposition of two religious attitudes towards these objects could serve to show the differences between him and Mickiewicz in their approach to art and poetry.
PL
W wierszu [Nie to człek duchowny, podług Zana słów...] Juliusza Słowackiego nie pada imię ani nazwisko Adama Mickiewicza, niemniej subtelne nawiązania wskazują, że utwór może być ironiczną wypowiedzią na jego temat. Artykuł sytuuje ją na tle innych odniesień do Mickiewicza w twórczości Słowackiego i odsłania warstwy nawiązań do sztuki, pod którymi można się doszukiwać ukrytego agonu między twórcami. Analiza wyrasta z przekonania, że Słowacki posłużył się obrazami Matki Boskiej Częstochowskiej i Madonny Rafaela w sposób polemiczny. Zestawienie dwóch postaw religijności wobec tych obiektów mogło mu służyć do ukazania różnic między nim a Mickiewiczem w podejściu do sztuki i do twórczości poetyckiej.
EN
The article interprets the changes in works and personality of Czesław Miłosz, in accordance with Harold Blooms model of agon between the poetic ephebe and his precursor. I pick up a discussion with the ealier Bloomian takes on Miłosz, which suggest that his most important teacher was Adam Mickiewicz. A careful analysis of Miłosz’s memoirs and ideologicaldeclarations proves that the original influence, decisive on Miłosz’s whole future evolution, came from a catechist, Rev. Leopold Chomski, white other master figures in poet’s works were just remoulding the original teacher’s image.
PL
Artykuł stanowi interpretację przemiany twórczości i osobowości Czesława Miłosza zgodnie z zaproponowanym przez Harolda Blooma modelem agonu poetyckiego efeba z prekursorem. Autor polemizuje z wcześniejszymi ujęciami twórczości Miłosza w tym duchu – sugerującymi, że najważniejszym nauczycielem poety był Adam Mickiewicz. Tymczasem uważna analiza wspomnień i deklaracji ideowych autora Rodzinnej Europy dowodzi, że źródłowy wpływ, który zdecydował o przebiegu całej dalszej ewolucji Miłosza, wywarł na niego katecheta, ksiądz Leopold Chomski, inne zaś figury mistrzowskie w twórczości poety to przekształcenia obrazu tego pierwotnego nauczyciela.
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48%
PL
„Odwaga cywilna” tak jak „nieposłuszeństwo obywatelskie” jest formą aktywnego upominania się o określone zasady: porządek obyczajów, uczciwą władzę i poszanowanie prawa. Obie postawy cechują nie tylko nonkonformizm i sprzeciw, lecz także chęć obrony jakiegoś lepszego, uczciwszego czy piękniejszego świata. Obie znoszą podział między „dobrym człowiekiem” a „dobrym obywatelem”. Ponieważ każda z nich zawiera w sobie równorzędne elementy społecznie zaangażowanej niezgody i troski, ich wyjaśnienie wymaga wyraźnie zdefiniowanej koncepcji sfery publicznej. Stawiamy tezę, że jest to w istocie konieczne, aby uznać społeczną i etyczną doniosłość i sens każdej z tych postaw. Żeby zilustrować, na czym może polegać taka interpretacja, odniesiemy się do dwóch odmiennych koncepcji sfery publicznej: pluralistyczno-agonicznej Hannah Arendt i ceremonialno-higienicznej Helmutha Plessnera.
EN
The main thesis of this article is that related concepts and attitudes of „civil disobedience” and „civil courage” are comprehensible only through the idea of public sphere. To illustrate this rule, we describe two utterly different views of the public sphere: as a space of Agon and rivalry (Arendt), where disobedience and courage regenerates a motionless political process, as well as an environment of hygiene and correctness, where acquiescence to these attitudes is at least limited (Plessner). This rule applies to all interpretations of this issue, as illustrated by an example of John Rawls. In other words, whenever the aforementioned issues appear, the problem of the public sphere occurs as well. Secondly, the idea of what it is sends us back to the sources of the Self. What might seem to be a problem of social ethics turns out to be more a subject of political philosophy and anthropology. Finally, we believe that this rule might be applied as well to social movements that frequently initiate activities of a civil disobedience. Their functions and role is closely linked to the idea of the public sphere.
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2019
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vol. 2
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issue 1
42-54
EN
The presented study dwells on the issue of game theory by Roger Caillois to be applied to the contemporary dimension of digital games. The actual attempt is to find out the extent to which the game principle categories apply to media products, i.e. digital games. The paradigms by authors engaged in cultural anthropology, philosophy, psychology, and sociology, besides others, served as key theoretical groundwork for the present paper. Nevertheless, the theories concluded within media study addressing the game and game principles in contemporary society have not been excluded either. In essence, the theoretical reflection introduces the basic terminology axis creating an apt platform for the game variants in use, to perform within the forms of new reality, i. e. virtual reality. The primary aim is to define elementary concepts like “game”, “game principles”, “media or virtual space”, “digital game”, and “game genres”. Secondary is then to explicate certain game principles designated by Roger Caillois present in the particular game. Material to be applied for this study ranks among the genre of action games. “Action game” particularly is a digital genre that belongs to frequent genre types as well as RPG games, strategy and others. Drawing from this fact, one of the actual digital games called Mafia III was chosen for empirical study. The main purpose of the paper is through logical analysis to illustrate the issue of games, and subsequently point out the cases of their occurrence in the media space. Theoretical postulates by Roger Caillois are by author assumed to be potentially applicable to the current media reality of digital games that come under action genres.
EN
The article investigates the intrinsic interconnectedness of European culture with philosophy acting as its self-reflexive pillar, the foundations of which many derive from Plato. It is in the philosophical interpretation of Plato’s work that the author uncovers the analogous structures that represented one of the greatest challenges of the philosophical tradition: the implicit polemical relationship to another, different starting point, that precedes the explicit polemos – a war. The author recalls the influential attempts of European thought in the 20th century that tried to break free from a state of total confrontation. In the 1990s, however, he catches up with the Platonic interpretation, as is demonstrated by the detailed description of the “war of methodologies.” If in the background there is a connection with self-reflection in the process of the self-constitution of philosophy and the selfcomprehension of Europe, then according to the author the “Platonic revolution” is an effort to come to terms with the unprocessed implicit epistemological preformative, war. A possible solution is provided by the author‘s distinction between agon and polemos.
CS
Článek zkoumá vnitřní provázanost evropské kultury s filosofií jakožto jejím sebereflexivním pilířem, jehož základy mnozí odvozují od Platóna. Právě ve filosofické interpretaci Platónova díla autor odkrývá analogické struktury, které znamenaly jednu z největších výzev filosofické tradice: implicitně polemický vztah k jinému, odlišnému východisku, jenž předchází polemos explicitní – válce. Autor připomíná vlivné pokusy evropského myšlení 20. století, jež se pokoušely vymanit ze stavu totální konfrontace. Ten ale v 90. letech dostihl platónskou interpretaci, jak dokládá detailní popis „války metodologií“. Je-li v pozadí souvislost se sebereflexí v procesu sebeustavování filosofie i sebeporozuměním Evropy, pak je dle autora „platónská revoluce“ snahou vyrovnat se s nezpracovaným implicitním epistemologickým preformativem, válkou. Možné řešení skýtá autorovi rozlišení mezi agón a polemos.
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