Rural areas and their development constitute an important area of research and policy on the local scale as well as the entire EU Community. Therefore, the work was undertaken to determine the determinants of the development of rural areas and agriculture in the Konin and Leszno subregions. The aim of the work is to comprehensively determine the level of development of agriculture and rural communes in the Konin and Leszno subregions during the period of the Universal Agricultural Censuses (2002, 2010) based on the results of factor analysis and to examine the main reasons for changes occurring in given periods. The research will allow to determine the socio-economic situation and the resulting determinants of the development of municipalities.
Rising energy prices for fossil fuels, the unreliable supply of energy imports during recent winters, and European Union (EU) policies have stimulated national awareness and political action on renewable bio-energy among all of the European countries. In discussions on agricultural policy, renewable energy has been advocated as a way to more rural prosperity. In this paper, we assess whether there is any impact on agricultural and rural employment and income as anticipated. Among the new member states (NMS) of the EU, the share of bio-energy is slowly increasing. Yet among the Balkan states and Turkey this process has just started. In both sub-regions an expansion of rape seed cultivation, and to a smaller extent of the production of wood pellets, could be observed. Similarly, the build-up of processing facilities is in its infancy. Up to now, however, its overall impact on agricultural and rural income and employment seems to have been marginal.
The research discussed in the article concerned the level of development of agriculture in Poland. The main aim of the study was to verify the hypothesis of convergence of the economic size of farms. The analysis confirmed the existence of -convergence, however, showed no occurrence of σ-convergence and γ-convergence. Based on the results of the analysis of marginal vertical -convergence, Poland was divided into two clubs with different paths of development. In one of them the process of convergence was confirmed, but in the second one the phenomenon of divergence was revealed.
Liberalisation of economic relations leaves its mark on agriculture. Raising competition determines a necessity of position improvement. The paper aims to present the changes in selected structures affecting production capacities of farms. In the paper the agricultural land resources, area structure of farms and socio-economic faeces of farmers were analysed. The main empirical material was the Central Statistical Office data. The research results indicate that due to the area of agricultural land, the Polish agriculture has a potential to be a significant producer. Farmers’ attributes and positive structural changes reveal an improvement of agriculture competitive capabilities. However,a scattered agrarian structure is still a feature of agriculture. On the supply side, the acceleration of structural changes in agriculture, especially by fostering land concentration, is a prerequisite for meeting competitive requirements. Therefore, an introduction of instruments supporting small farms liquidation, as well as the diversification of rural population economic activity are essential.
PL
Liberalizacja relacji ekonomicznych coraz silniej zaznacza się również w rolnictwie. Oznacza to, że sprostanie rywalizacji wiąże się z poprawą jego zdolności konkurencyjnej. Celem pracy jest przedstawienie zmian w wybranych strukturach wyznaczających możliwości wytwórcze gospodarstw rolnych. W pracy skoncentrowano się na zasobach ziemi, strukturze obszarowej gospodarstw i cechach społeczno-demograficznych rolników. Podstawowy materiał empiryczny stanowiły dane GUS. Z wykonanych prac wynika, że polskie rolnictwo ze względu na areał gruntów rolniczych posiada warunki, aby stać się znacznym producentem rolnym. Cechy rolników i pozytywne zmiany strukturalne wskazują na poprawę zdolności konkurencyjnej rolnictwa. Jednak sprostanie konkurencji na płaszczyźnie zasobowej wymaga zdynamizowania zmian w obrębie struktur rolniczych, zwłaszcza przyśpieszenia koncentracji ziemi. Wiąże się to z ożywieniem likwidacji małych gospodarstw i dywersyfikacji aktywności zawodowej ludności rolniczej.
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie współczesnych wyzwań prawa rolnego w odniesieniu do zrównoważonego rozwoju obszarów wiejskich, z uwzględnieniem polityk rolniczych realizowanych na poziomie lokalnym, regionalnym, międzynarodowym i globalnym. Artykuł skupia się na wpływie podejścia terytorialnego na zrównoważony rozwój obszarów wiejskich i jego znaczeniu dla prawa rolnego. Realizacja koncepcji zrównoważonego rolnictwa na Kubie wymaga konsekwentnego postępu technicznego oraz umiarkowanej, racjonalnej i ekonomicznie uzasadnionej intensyfikacji produkcji, a następnie ograniczania degradacji potencjału produkcyjnego gleby. Konieczny jest także rozwój i modernizacja infrastruktury technicznej terenów wiejskich i samych gospodarstw. Działania te muszą mieć na celu podniesienie poziomu edukacji i wiedzy rolników oraz ich świadomości ekologicznej i wymagają wsparcia finansowego z budżetu państwa oraz funduszy regionalnych. Konieczna jest także poprawa sytuacji dochodowej rolnictwa, gdyż determinuje to możliwości inwestycyjne i proekologiczne, a tym samym zapewnia bezpieczeństwo żywnościowe kraju. Zdaniem autora podejście terytorialne jest skutecznym instrumentem ułatwiającym publiczne zarządzanie obszarami wiejskimi i przyczyniającym się do dalszego rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego ludności wiejskiej.
IT
L’obiettivo dell’articolo è di presentare le sfide contemporanee del diritto agrario in materia di sviluppo sostenibile delle zone rurali, tenendo conto delle politiche agricole attuate a livello locale, regionale, internazionale e globale. Nello specifico si è cercato di approfondire l’influenza del c.d. approccio territoriale allo sviluppo sostenibile delle zone rurali e la sua importanza per il diritto agrario. Per attuare il concetto di agricoltura sostenibile a Cuba è necessaria un’implementazione decisiva del progresso tecnologico, una moderata, razionale ed economicamente giustificata intensificazione della produzione e un contenimento del degrado della produttività potenziale del suolo. È inoltre inevitabile ampliare e modernizzare l’infrastruttura tecnica delle zone rurali e delle aziende agricole stesse. Oltre alla necessità di aumentare il livello di istruzione e di conoscenza professionale da parte degli agricoltori, come anche il livello di consapevolezza ecologica, queste azioni richiedono un sostegno finanziario tramite stanziamenti del bilancio pubblico e dei fondi regionali. È anche necessario migliorare il reddito agricolo, in quanto esso determina le possibilità di intraprendere investimenti e attività pro-ecologiche, che a loro volta determinano la sicurezza alimentare del Paese. Secondo l’autore, l’approccio territoriale è uno strumento efficace che facilita la gestione pubblica delle zone rurali e contribuisce a un ulteriore sviluppo socio-economico della popolazione rurale.
EN
The aim of the article was to present the contemporary challenges of agricultural law in relation to sustainable development of rural areas, taking into account agricultural policies implemented at the local, regional, international and global level. In particular, the article focuses on the impact of the territorial approach on sustainable development of rural areas and its importance for the agricultural law. The implementation of the concept of sustainable agriculture in Cuba requires consistent implementation of the technological progress as well as a certain moderate, rational and economically justified intensification of production followed by a reduction in the degradation of soil production potential. It is also necessary to develop and modernise the technical infrastructure of rural areas and of the farms themselves. These activities must aim at increasing the level of education and expertise among farmers and their environmental awareness, and they require financial support from the state budget and regional funds. It is also necessary to improve the revenue-related situation of agriculture, as it determines the possibilities of investment and pro-ecological activity, and in consequence ensures the food security of the country. According to the author, the territorial approach is an effective instrument facilitating public management of rural areas and contributing to the further socio-economic development of the rural population.
ES
El objetivo del artículo fue presentar los desafíos contemporáneos del derecho agrario en relación con el desarrollo sostenible de las zonas rurales, teniendo en cuenta las políticas agrarias implementadas a nivel local, regional, internacional y global. En particular, el artículo se centra en el impacto del enfoque territorial en el desarrollo sostenible de las zonas rurales y su importancia para la ley agraria. La implementación del concepto de agricultura sostenible en Cuba requiere una implementación consistente del progreso tecnológico, así como una cierta intensificación de la producción moderada, racional y económicamente justificada seguida de una reducción en la degradación del potencial de producción del suelo. También es necesario desarrollar y modernizar la infraestructura técnica de las zonas rurales y de las propias fincas. Estas actividades deben tener como objetivo aumentar el nivel de educación y experiencia entre los agricultores y su conciencia ambiental, y requieren apoyo financiero del presupuesto estatal y fondos regionales. También es necesario mejorar la situación fiscal de la agricultura, ya que determina las posibilidades de inversión y actividad proecológica, y en consecuencia asegura la seguridad alimentaria del país. Según el autor, el enfoque territorial es un instrumento eficaz que facilita la gestión pública de las zonas rurales y contribuye a un mayor desarrollo socioeconómico de la población rural.
The paper examines the impact of development of agricultural sector on performance of the cooperative banks in Poland in years 1997-2004. The levels of the agricultural development and the economic/financial situation of the banks were assessed by using country-level and regional-level aggregate indicators based on the factor analysis. The research results show that the type of region (i.e. voivodeship and macro-region) has a statistically significant impact both on the aggregate indicator of agricultural development and the aggregate indicator of banks’ performance. As for the relationship between the agricultural development level and the economic/financial situation of banks, statistically significant correlations were found only for four out of sixteen voivodeships.
Celem artykułu jest wskazanie zróżnicowania potencjału produkcyjnego w poszczególnych krajach europejskich oraz zmian zachodzących w latach 2008-2016. W badaniach wykorzystano dane FADN określające potencjał produkcyjny rolnictwa, natomiast analizę przeprowadzono za pomocą miernika syntetycznego, który skonstruowano przy pomocy metody TOPSIS. Analiza obejmuje lata 2008 oraz 2016.
EN
The aim of the paper is to indicate the diversification of the production potential in European countries and the changes taking place in 2008 - 2016. The studies used FADN data to determine the production level of agriculture in selected countries, while analysis was carried out with a synthetic meter, which was constructed using the TOPSIS method. On the basis of the results obtained, four typological groups were extracted, on the basis of which the level of agriculture in the selected countries was determined.
Ukrainian agriculture has a great potential for development in the framework of globalization and EU enlargement. The main direction for this aim is increasing of competitiveness of agricultural products through improvement of agricultural education and research. Taken under consideration the energy problems that world economy faces more and more, agriculture should play important role in keeping a country’s energy balance by supplying renewable energy sources like biodiesel, ethanol, and hard organic fuel.
This paper addresses the question of distribution of support from the EU budget and the national budget to agricultural holders in Mazovia region in comparison with Poland as a whole. In the first main section, the characteristics of the agricultural sector in the region, using main sectoral indicators, is presented. The second section illustrates the agricultural and rural support under the Rural Development Program and the Sectoral Operational Program “Restructuring and modernization of agriculture and rural development” provided to Mazovian beneficiaries with reference to this support at whole country level. Empirical analyses are based on Eurostat statistics as well as on data obtained from the Agency for Restructuring and Modernization of Agriculture and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. Results of the study show that the Mazovian province, which is a region that can be placed in front of agricultural development, was awarded over the period 2004-2007 a relatively high level of support and ranked first or second among all 16 provinces according to selected measures.
The article concerns the importance of European funds in financing the farms in Poland. In recent years, as a result of systemic transformation and Poland's accession to the structures of the European Union, the agricultural sector in Poland has changed a lot. In order to remain competitive, the farms must constantly modernize the machinery park. The EU’s assistance funds are currently one of the basic sources of financing a purchase of the new machines. In the European Union the agricultural sector is treated as a priority. Every year, a half of the EU’s budget is dedicated to finance the agriculture sector. The purpose of this article is to assess the useage of European Union’s aid resources in financing the farms in Poland.
PL
Artykuł dotyczy znaczenia funduszy europejskich w finansowaniu gospodarstw rolnych w Polsce. W ciągu ostatnich lat, w wyniku transformacji systemowej oraz akcesji Polski w struktury Unii Europejskiej sektor rolniczy w Polsce bardzo się zmienił. Aby zachować konkurencyjność, gospodarstwa muszą nieustannie dokonywać modernizacji parku maszynowego. Środki pomocowe Unii Europejskiej są obecnie jednym z podstawowych źródeł finansowania zakupu nowych maszyn. Sektor rolniczy w Unii Europejskiej traktowany jest priorytetowo. Każdego roku połowa budżetu Unii Europejskiej przeznaczana jest na finansowanie rolnictwa. Celem artykułu jest ocena wykorzystania środków pomocowych Unii Europejskiej w finansowaniu gospodarstw rolnych w Polsce.
One of the most important date for the Visegrad Countries2 was year 2004, because of the accession to the EU. The four countries have to apply the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) which provides facilities for the farmers in form of direct payment, market measures, agricultural and rural development programs. The analyses of the direct payments development in the Visegrad Countries are necessary for the further CAP reform.
Artykuł omawia dynamikę polskiego rolnictwa w ostatnich ponad dwóch dekadach oraz opracowane na jej podstawie prognozy rozwoju do 2020 r. i 2030 r. Dotyczą one liczby ludności rolniczej i jej warunków życia, liczby i struktury obszarowej gospodarstw rolnych, struktury produkcji roślinnej i plonów podstawowych ziemiopłodów, liczby zwierząt gospodarskich i ich produktywności oraz techniki produkcji rolnej. Rolnictwo polskie będzie się rozwijać w tych prognozach podobnie do wyników zarysowanych w drugiej części polskiej transformacji po okresie szokowej terapii (1990-1992), a szczególnie po wejściu Polski do Unii Europejskiej (1 maja 2004 r.).
EN
The paper discusses the dynamics of the Polish agriculture in the last two decades and forecasts of its growth until 2020 and 2030, based on extrapolation of the past figures. The forecasts take into account a number of agricultural population and their living conditions, a number and a structure of farm lands, a number and a structure of homesteads, a structure of agricultural production and yields of basic crops, a number of animals stock and its yield and agricultural production technique. The development of Polish agriculture up to 2020 and 2030 will be similar to the development in the second part of transition of the Polish economy, just after the shock therapy (1990-1992), and particularly after the accession of Poland into the European Unity (2004).
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