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New trends in common agricultural policy of the EU

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EN
The European common agricultural policy is heavily criticized by experts. CAP is accused to be inefficient due to little improvement in agriculture and high budget spending. This paper aims to answer a question whether all instruments are really so badly designed? The first part of the analysis of various policy mechanisms are provided to show their effects on market. The development of EU agricultural policies and present movement are included at the end of the first part of the analysis. A comparison of EU and US approach to agricultural sector is discussed in the second part of the analysis.
EN
This Article shall aims to show the normative form of rural development policy in the perspective of the years 2014–2020. The problem of the above issues was set out detailed in the comprehensive package of legislative proposals relates to supporting rural development, financing of agricultural policy and regulations in structural funds. The proposed changes of rural development are determined by several factors, in particular international context, height of the agricultural budget, the legislative changes introduced by Treaty of Lisbon and new global challenges, such a global warming, lack of energy sources, water shortage. It should be emphasized that new goals and priorities of rural development were set out in discussed legislative package. Furthermore the above sets out new legal measures regulating agricultural policy – aimed at promoting innovation, preventing adverse effects of climate change, increasing the share of renewable energy. In proposed arrangements, a far – reaching modifications of rural development policy’s instruments were set out, especially that which relates to agri–environment payments system (that is LFA payments). In connection with the appearance of various risks in the agriculture sector having natural, market and sanitary features, the legislative package also provides a new set of risk management legal instruments. Referring to the financial aspects of rural policy, it was pointed out to the fact that despite the planned extension of the scope of rural policy, current level of financial support for rural policy has been kept. This openes to doubts. It should be added that the increasing tendency of shifting the cost of financing the rural policy on national budgets, which in a single agricultural market will contribute to the diversification of the competitiveness of the agricultural sectors of each Member States of the EU – was also negatively assessed.
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EN
We present an overview of the real options methodology and its applications in agricultural decision making. We examine the current state of research on real options in agriculture as well as propose a range of possible extensions and further applications of diverse types of real options in agricultural investments and their policy implications.
EN
The issue of risk management is important in agriculture because production variability of the results is dependent on several natural factors. Given the negative implications of the financial interventionism, associated with subsidizing agricultural business insurance, or "offering" disaster compensations (ad hoc), a deeper utilization of market or quasi-market risk management instruments, including catastrophic bonds (CAT) may be noted. This article assesses the potential utilization of CAT as instruments for risk management in agriculture, with a particular attention to the situation of the sector in Poland. The research objectives are as follows: (1) to discuss tasks of modern agricultural policy in the process of catastrophic risk management in agriculture, (2) to presence of mechanism of CAT, (3) to evaluate possibilities of utilization of CAT in agriculture in the light of the results of foreign empirical studies. Sustainable development of the agricultural sector is possible, among others, due to its link to financial infrastructure. Promoting risk management tools offered by the private sector or the form of public-private partnerships should be recommended. The underdevelopment of the financial infrastructure, offering innovative risk management instruments (including CAT) indicates the urgent need to introduce regulatory changes (including the area of good governance), to facilitate the introduction of new tools on free-market principles. Prudent utilization of innovative financial instruments should be regarded as a positive quality change. This forms an incentive for further structural changes in the Polish countryside. Through a deeper networking between research institutes operating for agriculture and its surroundings, as well as the entities constituting the infrastructure risk management in agriculture, the process of collecting and analyzing the data necessary for the pricing financial instruments related to, catastrophic risk management in agriculture (including CAT) would be possible.
EN
Socio-economic transformations that took place in Poland in the period of EU membership caused a number of structural changes in the resources and distribution of production factors in agriculture. The impact on the acceleration of those processes has undoubtedly public policy. The analysis of competitiveness and efficiency for the needs of agriculture presented below has been preformed through the eye of competitiveness of resources allocation. Since farming is based on the assumption that resources are limited and that the choices are made in a rational manner. When looking for an optimal selection, unlimited needs of consumers are taken into account along with limited available resources and production technologies. Thus the main focus has been drawn to production resources (land, labour and capital) referring to their quantity (sometimes also their quality) and agricultural structures influencing the used production potential expressed by resources. The analysis has been supplemented with references to the sectoral competitiveness shaped through economic policy instruments (primarily CAP) which directly and indirectly influences the competitive possibilities of agriculture.
EN
The main aim of the article is the presentation of the problem of the European Union agriculture new protectionism weakening within and outside the WTO. The specific objective was to show the consequences of EU agricultural new protectionism, its mitigation by the WTO to stimulate the development of commodity markets outside the WTO, new perspective aims of CAP as well as issues of sustainable development of European agriculture. Common external EU customs tariff applied selectively against selected goods, may limit the liberalisation of international trade. This is particularly highlighted by trading partners from countries not belonging to this European integration grouping and it is a sign of trade new protectionism. The resistance of the EU to cut tariffs for agricultural products has repeatedly blocked progress in WTO trade negotiations. In addition, developing countries show there is a new protectionism in agriculture justifying at the same time the use of barriers to imports and manufactured goods and services by the EU. Reducing EU selective external tariffs may be an important contribution to a liberal trading system, which provides high profits not only for the EU, but also an effective tool in the fight against global poverty. It is also important to emphasise a high level of subsidisation of the budget of EU agriculture, which seriously restricts the export capacity of the least-developed countries. The situation looks different in wealthier, developing countries, which paradoxically adopt similar measures used by the EU to increase financial subsidisation of own agriculture, which consequently affects the growth of falsification of world trade. In the conclusions of the considerations, in the form of generalisations and applications it is shown that the need to weaken agricultural new protectionism within and outside the WTO is important in the functioning of the CAP. As a result of the necessary reforms, the WTO should continue to stimulate the liberalisation of international trade and also, more than in the past, support the development of third world countries, particularly through aid for trade. The last stage of multilateral trade talks on the liberalisation of international trade within the Doha Round should be paid above all to the problem of reducing the cost of developing countries with their entrance on the world market with industrial goods, agricultural pro- ducts and services. Everything indicates that taken steps of the reforms will continue, which will create favourable conditions enabling the completion of the Doha Round, if there is not further differentiating of negotiating positions and there is not a clear conflict of interest also in the group of developing countries. The European Union should on its own, irrespective of the prospects of trade negotiations in the framework of the WTO, consider what further liberalization movements associated with the CAP would be beneficial for both the union and third countries, especially the least developed ones. As a result of the weakening of the WTO, because of lack of agreement of final Doha Round, there was the increase of importance of bilateral trade agreements as well as other international institutions such as G20. It should be emphasized that in contemporary, multipolar world, agreements and regional ties become more and more important. Furthermore, what is also important from the theoretical point of view, the justifications of practical reasons become weaker and normative solutions become more significant.
EN
Comparing Prussian settlement policies and the founding of “Rentengüter” by inner colonization around 1900 with the East-Central European land reforms of the interwar period initially exposes very diverse motivational structures behind both cases, which thus resulted in interactions for social, economic and political reasons with demographic and nationalist aims. In both cases, the perception of a social crisis endangering the system’s stability and the proclamation of “national interests” by the reforms’ protagonists played – albeit in diff erent ways – a crucial role in overcoming the resistance of the landowners as well as the restraint of the economic and educational elites against such a massive intervention in property rights. Th erefore, we could assume that – in addition to the unstable situation of the post-war period – long past experiences with settlement projects and/or the perception of such projects have had an infl uence on the design and implementation of land reforms. Even before the First World War, the Prussian-German inner colonization was not the only attempt to strengthen the rural middle class by parcelling large estates in Central Europe. However, it was a relatively early, relatively systematic and – from a socio-political and agricultural point of view – even relatively successful attempt. One could say that the opposing forces (Prussia/Germany and Poland) learned and copied from one another – a pattern well known from research on nationalism. But the German inner colonization had an important role model outside the German-Polish nationality struggle, too. Additional historical research about the details of this cultural transfer is certainly needed. Just for the explanation of the diff erent conceptions of East Central European land reforms, it would be important to learn more about the resonance of the Prussian settlement policy, of the debates on grain selfsufficiency or of the discussion about Germany as an agricultural or industrial state in diff erent parts of the Habsburg monarchy. Th is is especially true for the theorists and practitioners of the land reform movement in the Habsburg monarchy successor states. The adoption of these concepts certainly did not advance by only reading newspapers and books. German universities were important places of study, research facilities for national-economists and the political sciences, there were international agricultural conferences and cooperative associations. Th erefore, a transnational history of land reforms as a central element of the agrarianist ideology and politics is an important task for further historiographical research.
EN
During the period of the prime minister's office by Józef Piłsudski, agricultural policy focused on activities aimed at protecting the consumer's interests. As a result, it focused on activities aimed at regulating the prices of agricultural commodities, mainly cereals. Such regulation by means of export restrictions contributed to a sharp fall in cereal prices. Regulation of trade in agricultural products did not positively affect the amplitude of price fluctuations. The reason for this was the undecided government export and import measures. Frequent changes caused anxiety among sellers and buyers, which caused that the price differences paid by producers and consumers significantly increased. Therefore, this policy encountered serious resistance from the landowners' spheres, merchants, as well as grain millers, who were also trade with grain. The attempt to develop a comprehensive plan of aid to agriculture was undertaken only at the turn of 1929 and 1930. The government's actions aimed at intensifying agricultural production did not bring good results. Eventually, they were stopped by the economic crisis.
PL
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This paper is meant to determine trends in changes in the organisation of fruit production at the beginning of the 21st century. It focuses on the determination of those trends as well as their circumstances. The analysis of changes in the organisation of fruit production was made using Grójec poviat as an example. The accession of Poland to the European Union resulted in the intensification of processes of specialisation and concentration in agriculture, due to which the area occupied by orchards started to grow systematically. With the growing area and the intensification of fruit crops, quantities of fruits produced also increased. Currently, Poland is one of the biggest fruit manufacturers in Europe, with Grójec poviat being the biggest producer in Poland.
EN
The support for the tomatoes’ producers is one of the regulations of common market organization (CMO) for fruits and vegetables in the EU. The aim of this paper was to present the regulations on support for tomatoes processing and to analyse the changes in tomatoes production in Poland after the accession to EU. There was analysed the cultivation area and the production volume of tomatoes cultivated in family farms in Poland, on the background of the support received and the possibility od receiving it. The support for tomatoes production, available till the end of 2007, stimulated the tomatoes production – the cultivation area and the volume of tomatoes harvested – increased. The tomatoes’ producers in Poland did not make the most of the available limits of support in 2004 and 2006. The positive eff ect of this regulation could be increasing the number of producers groups and organizations. After the reform of CMO for fruits and vegetables in 2008, the payments for tomatoes’ producers historical payments and the support was not connected with the current production. The cultivation area of tomatoes decreased and the production did not increase
PL
Jednym z mechanizmów Wspólnej Organizacji Rynku Owoców i Warzyw Unii Europejskiej jest system wsparcia finansowego dla producentów pomidorów do przetwórstwa. Celem pracy było przedstawienie regulacji dotyczących dopłat do pomidorów gruntowych do przetwórstwa oraz zmian w produkcji tego gatunku w Polsce po wstąpieniu do Unii Europejskiej. Analizie poddano wielkość produkcji oraz powierzchnię uprawy pomidorów gruntowych w gospodarstwach indywidualnych w Polsce na tle pomocy możliwej do uzyskania oraz otrzymanej przez polskich producentów. W latach 2004–2007, gdy obowiązywał system dopłat do produkcji pomidorów, miał miejsce wzrost zarówno powierzchni uprawy, jak i zbiorów pomidorów gruntowych. Na wielkość produkcji pomidorów gruntowych wpływa wiele czynników, w tym także te o charakterze rynkowym, dlatego nie można jednoznacznie stwierdzić, że to dopłaty do pomidorów miały wpływ na wzrost powierzchni uprawy i wielkości produkcji, niemniej sam fakt istnienia wsparcia do produkcji pomidorów mógł podziałać stymulująco na rozwój branży, skupiając zainteresowanie producentów tym rodzajem produkcji. Ponadto wzrosła liczba grup i organizacji producentów pomidorów do przetwórstwa, dlatego można sądzić, iż wzrost ten spowodowało między innymi uruchomienie instrumentu, ponieważ przynależność do grupy była warunkiem otrzymania wsparcia. Od 2008 roku płatności do pomidorów stały się płatnościami historycznymi, natomiast powierzchnia uprawy pomidorów gruntowych w gospodarstwach indywidualnych w Polsce malała.
EN
Agricultural policy is a key determinant of the health of the entire agricultural sector and individual farms at the micro level. Previous publications focused on the impact of agricultural policy tools on farms and their market surroundings, the effects of which were quantified at the macroeconomic level utilising the Poducer Support Estimate (PSE). Detailed studies of the balance sheet and profit and loss account of companies in the sector, including in-depth analysis of the financial indicators were barely explored. This publication fills the gap. The aim of the publication is to analyse the extent to which alterations in the tools of agricultural policy affect the financial condition of farms. The main research method utilised is financial ratio analysis. The research covers the 2009-2014 period. Income assistance programmes in Canada and the United States have the greatest impact on the liquidity and profitability of the sector, while the impact on the management of net working capital and long-term assets is negligible. Similar phenomenon was observed by analysing the solvency ratios. Both in Canada and in the US, the impact of direct aid programmes on the net profit exhibits a strong downward trend since the 2006-2009 financial crisis. Canadian direct payments accounted for more than 95% of agricultural entities’ net income in 2009. Therefore, they were the only safety buffer which allowed farms to break even and maintain profitability. Whereas American farms are significantly less dependent on state assistance, since in the post-crisis year 2009 direct payments accounted only for around 13% of net profit and had been falling gradually untill 2014. Policy instruments in Canada and the US under review, quantification of their impact on the financial condition of the agricultural sector using the tools utilised by corporate finance, as well as thorough description of the adaptation of the solutions to the Polish agriculture are altogether the starting point for mid-term review of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in 2017.
PL
Polityka rolna jest kluczową determinantą kondycji całego sektora rolnego i pojedynczych gospodarstw rolnych na poziomie mikro. W dotychczasowych publikacjach koncentrowano się na wpływie narzędzi polityki rolnej na gospodarstwa i ich otoczenie rynkowe, a efekty kwantyfikowano na poziomie makroekonomicznym gospodarki za pomocą wskaźnika wsparcia producenta (PSE). Brakowało szczegółowych badań na poziomie bilansu oraz rachunku zysków i strat przedsiębiorstw z sektora, w tym pogłębionej analizy wskaźników finansowych. Niniejsza publikacja wypełnia tę lukę. Celem publikacji jest przeanalizowanie, w jakim stopniu zmiany w narzędziach polityki rolnej wpływają na kondycję finansową gospodarstw rolnych. Główną metodę badawczą stanowi metoda finansowej analizy wskaźnikowej. Okres badawczy obejmuje lata 2009-2014. Programy pomocowe w Kanadzie i USA mają największy wpływ na płynność i rentowność sektora, a oddziaływanie na zarządzanie kapitałem obrotowym netto oraz aktywami długoterminowymi jest nieznaczne. Podobne zjawisko zaobserwowano, analizując wskaźniki zadłużenia. Zarówno w Kanadzie, jak i w USA wpływ dochodowych programów pomocowych na zysk netto wykazuje silną tendencję spadkową od czasu kryzysu finansowego w latach 2006-2009. Kanadyjskie dopłaty bezpośrednie odpowiadały za ponad 95% zysku netto gospodarstw w 2009 roku – stanowiły jedyny bufor bezpieczeństwa, który pozwolił zachować rentowność. Przedsiębiorstwa amerykańskie są znacznie mniej zależne od pomocy ze strony państwa – w postkryzysowym 2009 roku dopłaty bezpośrednie stanowiły jedynie około 13% zysku netto i systematycznie spadały do 2014 roku. Omówione instrumenty polityki rolnej w Kanadzie i USA, kwantyfikacja ich wpływu na kondycję finansową sektora rolnego za pomocą narzędzi nauk o finansach przedsiębiorstwa (corporate finance), a także opis adaptacji zastosowanych rozwiązań do rolnictwa w Polsce stanowią punkt wyjścia do oceny mid-term Wspólnej Polityki Rolnej (WPR) w 2017 roku.
PL
Artykuł dotyczy zakresu prawnej ochrony rolników i innych osób objętych ubezpieczeniem społecznym w świetle ustawy z 20 grudnia 1990 roku o ubezpieczeniu społecznym rolników, poszkodowanych wskutek rolniczych wypadków przy pracy. Pojęcie rolniczej choroby zawodowej zostało skonstruowane dość restrykcyjnie, co istotnie ogranicza zakres ochrony prawnej przysługującej rolnikom poszkodowanym wskutek rolniczych wypadków przy pracy. De lege ferenda należy zatem postulować w zakresie zdarzeń wypadkowych, mających miejsce na terenie gospodarstwa rolnego i związanego z nim gospodarstwa domowego powrót do poprzednio istniejącej już przesłanki miejsca wystąpienia zdarzenia wypadkowego i uznać, że związek czasowo- miejscowy lub związek funkcjonalny jest wystarczający dla kwalifikacji danego zdarzenia jako wypadku przy pracy rolniczej. Badanie powiązań przyczynowo-skutkowych byłoby natomiast konieczne w przypadku zajścia wypadku podczas wykonywania poza terenem gospodarstwa rolnego czynności związanych z prowadzeniem działalności rolniczej lub w związku z wykonywaniem tych czynności. Pozwoliłoby to włączyć do zakresu pojęcia rolniczych wypadków przy pracy znaczną część wypadków, które nie mają obecnie statusu rolniczych wypadków przy pracy i nie są objęte prawną ochroną systemu ubezpieczeń społecznych rolników.
EN
The article discusses the scope of legal protection of farmers and other people covered by social insurance under the Act on social insurance for farmers of 20 December 1990 who were injured as a result of agricultural accidents at work. The concept of occupational disease in agriculture has been defined in a quite restrictive manner, thus significantly limiting the scope of legal protection to which the farmers injured as a result of agricultural accidents at work are entitled. Therefore, de lege ferenda postulates should be proposed within the scope of accidents which took place at the premises of a farm and household connected to it, return to previously existing requirement of the accident’s place of occurrence and assume that the time and place relation or functional relation is sufficient to qualify a given accident as agricultural accident at work. Whereas, examination of cause and effect relations would be necessary in case of occurrence of an accident while performing activities connected with operating agricultural business or in connection with performance of these activities outside the premises of the farm. It would allow to incorporate to the scope agricultural accidents at work concept a significant part of the accidents which currently are not recognized as agricultural accidents at work and are not covered by legal protection of the farmers’ social insurance system.
PL
Celem badania jest oszacowanie przeciętnego wpływu oddziaływania dopłat do inwestycji podejmowanych przez gospodarstwa rolne na wydajność czynnika pracy, mierzonej jako relacja wartości dodanej brutto do rocznej jednostki pracy (GVA/AWU). W badaniu wykorzystano dane FADN dotyczące indywidualnych gospodarstw rolnych dla lat 2006-2012. Narzędziem badawczym jest quasi-eksperymentalna metoda propensity score matching. Do kwantyfikacji wpływu otrzymywanego wsparcia zastosowano miarę przeciętnego efektu oddziaływania wobec jednostek poddanych oddziaływaniu (ATT).
EN
The subject of research is to examine agricultural policy operations linked to the investment undertaken by the farms. The aim is to estimate the average treatment effect of the subsidies on investments on the labour productivity, measured as Gross Value Added to Annual Work Unit (GVA/AWU). The study used data from the FADN database for individual Polish farms for 2006-2012. The applied research tools is quasi-experimental propensity score matching method enabling to calculate the Average Treatment Effect on Treated (ATT).
EN
One of the key factors of rural areas development promotion is the effective local governing institutions’ activity and entrepreneurship development through collaboration with entrepreneurs from the EU. The increase of effectiveness and realization of regional development strategy in the context of European norms and traditions is one of the most important means of poor developed territory protection under the conditions of globalization and European integration.
PL
The article presents basic rules regarding to the evolution of legal mechanisms affecting the competitiveness of agriculture in Europe. Market mechanisms such as agricultural intervention, private storage subsidies or emergency aid measures have been analyzed. Author also pointed out the mechanisms whoch influence the profitability of agriculture, the level of unemployment, or the possibility of creating groups of agricultural producers. A possible framework was also defined for making analysis of the need to participate in the definition of European agricultural policy after 2020. It was pointed out that competitiveness and selection of legal mechanisms which can improve it, still would be one of the more important in this process.
EN
According to many researches, decoupled CAP subsidies capitalised on land prices. Most studies on land prices carried out in Europe relate to the SPS system and marginal changes in land values are noted as a result of the subsidising of agriculture. In the SAPS system, used in the new EU-12 Member States, these issues have not been sufficiently investigated. An attempt is made to fill these gaps by studying the drivers of land values in a leading agricultural region of Poland based on a sample of 653 transactions from the years 2010-2013. The aim is to establish what land use values, amenities and payments for public goods contribute to land values in the SAPS system. The hypothesis is proposed that the key factors for land value are location-specific factors identified according to the economic functions of a given area. Thus, four log-linear models of hedonic regression are estimated (using GLS) for different types of rural areas. The models employ both parcel-level attributes and agricultural policy variables. Results include the observation that single area payments contribute now to land value mainly in the peripheral areas and payments for public goods under SAPS decapitalize the value of land, because they do not compensate for the opportunity costs related to alternative ways of deriving rent from the land.
PL
Dotychczasowe badania dowodzą, że subsydia oderwane od produkcji kapitalizują się w wartości ziemi rolnej. Większość tych badań prowadzonych w Europie dotyczy jednak sytemu SPS obowiązującego w „starych” krajach członkowskich UE-15, gdzie rozpoznane są marginalne zmiany wartości ziemi w wyniku subsydiowania rolnictwa oraz problem zakresu oddziaływania polityki rolnej na rynki (problem of the incidence of agricultural policy). Natomiast w systemie SAPS, w nowych krajach członkowskich UE-12, kwestie te nie są dostatecznie zbadane. Dlatego też Autorzy podjęli próbę uzupełnienia wskazanych luk, prowadząc badania determinant wartości ziemi w wiodącym rolniczym regionie Polski na próbie 653 transakcji z lat 2010-2013. Celem badań jest odpowiedź na pytanie, jak wartości użytkowe gruntu, użyteczności pozarolnicze (amenities) i płatności za dobra publiczne kapitalizują się w wartości ziemi w systemie SAPS? Autorzy stawiają hipotezę, że kluczowe dla wartości ziemi są czynniki lokalizacyjne zidentyfikowane według ekonomicznej funkcji danego obszaru. W pierwszym etapie oszacowano funkcję regresji postaci log-liniowej dla poszczególnych typów gmin wiejskich. W modelu uwzględniono zarówno czynniki cenotwórcze działek, jak i zmienne odnoszące się do polityki rolnej. Zaobserwowano m.in., że jednolita płatność obszarowa pozytywnie wpływa obecnie na wartość ziemi jedynie na obszarach peryferyjnych, natomiast płatności za dobra publiczne w systemie SAPS dekapitalizują wartość ziemi, ponieważ nie rekompensują kosztów utraconych korzyści związanych z alternatywnymi możliwościami realizacji renty gruntowej.
EN
The uncontrolled process of division of farmlands into economically inefficient bodies was an undesired element of the agricultural structure of interwar Poland. This situation made the development of modern agriculture and rational agricultural policy impossible. Furthermore, a comprehensive introduction of the agricultural reform was beyond the state’s means, and one of the elements of the reform was the issue of indivisibility of farmlands. Postulates of implementing a statutory prohibition against dividing farmlands already appeared in 1918. This problem was partially solved by the agricultural reform of 1925 which was based on the act of 28 October 1925 on implementing the agricultural reform, which prohibited dividing lands for a period of 25 years. Those regulations were amended by the act of 14 April 1937 on restricting the trading of real estate created as a result of subdivision which prohibited dividing all farmlands created as a result of subdivision. In the scope of indivisibility of agricultural lands, three crucially important projects were submitted to the Sejm, one by Minister W. Stankiewicz and two more by a Member of Parliament, F. Bartczak. The aim of the projects was to limit the division of farmlands. However, they never became a law which was universally in force, while the problem of the indivisibility was not solved until 1939.
PL
Niekontrolowany proces podziału gospodarstw rolnych na niewydolne gospodarczo organizmy był niepożądanym elementem struktury agrarnej Polski okresu międzywojennego. Sytuacja ta uniemożliwiła rozwój nowoczesnego rolnictwa i racjonalnej polityki rolnej, a ograniczone możliwości finansowe państwa nie pozwoliły całościowo przeprowadzić reformy rolnej, której jednym z elementów było wprowadzenie zasady niepodzielności gospodarstw rolnych. Już w 1918 r. pojawiły się postulaty wprowadzenia ustawowego zakazu dzielenia gospodarstw rolnych. Problem ten częściowo rozwiązywała reforma rolna z 1925 r. przeprowadzona na podstawie ustawy z dnia 28 października 1925 r. o wykonaniu reformy rolnej, która zakazywała podziału gospodarstw rolnych przez okres 25 lat. Regulacje te zostały zmienione ustawą z dnia 14 kwietnia 1937 r. o ograniczeniu obrotu nieruchomościami powstałymi z parcelacji, która zakazywała podziału wszystkich gospodarstw rolnych powstałych z parcelacji. W zakresie niepodzielności gospodarstw rolnych do Sejmu wpłynęły trzy ważne projekty, które miały ograniczyć podział gospodarstw rolnych, jeden ministra W. Stankiewicza i dwa posła F. Bartczaka, które nie stały się prawem powszechnie obowiązującym, a problem niepodzielności gospodarstw nie został rozwiązany do 1939 r.
EN
This aim of the article was to provide a multi-faceted presentation of the possibilities of aplication the concept of "safety net" in agriculture in the United States and Canada. Literature review, elements of heuristic methods, and the documentaty method- in comparative terms - were used. . The theoretical basis of the concept of safety nets in agriculture refer to the achievements earned by many schools and streams in economics and finance. An in-depth analysis is based on an "eclectic" and interdisciplinary approach. In practice, the "architecture" of safety nets in agriculture in the U.S. and Canada is quite complex and is based on relationships between the individual components. The role of risk management systems for agriculture will be strengthened.
PL
Celem artykułu była wieloaspektowe przedstawienie możliwości zastosowania koncepcji „safety net” w rolnictwie USA i Kanady. Wykorzystano metodę studiów literaturowych, elementy metod heurystycznych, a także - w ujęciu porównawczym - metodę dokumentacyjną. Podstawy teoretyczne koncepcji siatek bezpieczeństwa w rolnictwie odwołują się do dorobku wypracowanego przez wiele szkół i nurtów ekonomii oraz finansów. Pogłębiona ich analiza opiera się na podejściu o charakterze „eklektycznym” i interdyscyplinarnym. W praktyce, „architektura” siatek bezpieczeństwa w rolnictwie USA i Kanady jest dosyć złożona, opiera się na współzależności między poszczególnymi komponentami. Rola systemów zarządzania ryzykiem w rolnictwie zostanie wzmocniona.
PL
Wydajność czynnika pracy w rolnictwie stanowi jeden z podstawowych wskaźników oddziaływania przy ocenie skuteczności instrumentów wdrażanych w ramach WPR. Celem pracy jest próba identyfikacji i pomiaru efektów wspólnego oddziaływania dopłat do inwestycji oraz rolnośrodowiskowymi i ONW na przyrost wydajności czynnika pracy w polskich gospodarstwach rolnych. W badaniu wykorzystano dane Polskiego FADN dla lat 2007-2015 dotyczące indywidualnych gospodarstw rolnych. Narzędziem badawczym jest metoda Propensity Score Matching.
EN
Labour productivity in agriculture occurs as one of the basic indicator in assessing the effectiveness of agriculture policy. The aim of research is to identify and quantify the treatment effect of subsidies on investment and environmental and LFA subsidies on the increase in labour productivity on Polish farms. The study uses data from the Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) database for individual Polish farms for 2007-2015. The applied research tool is Propensity Score Matching method. Keywords: farms, labour productivity, agricultural policy, propensity score matching
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ZMIANY W ROSYJSKIM ROLNICTWIE

63%
PL
Celem artykułu jest pokazanie zmian, jakie zaszły w rosyjskim rolnictwie w pierwszych dwóch dekadach XXI wieku oraz wskazanie możliwych przyszłych trendów w tym sektorze. Tekst został napisany na podstawie analizy danych z zakresu statystyki międzynarodowej oraz dostępnej literatury. Zaobserwowane zmiany w rosyjskim rolnictwie były spowodowane głównie aktywną polityką państwa, nastawioną na osiągnięcie samowystarczalności żywnościowej rosyjskiego rolnictwa. Wskutek tego oraz innych protekcjonistycznych działań Rosja stała się ważnym światowym producentem i eksporterem żywności. Prognozy dotyczące zmian uwarunkowań produkcji rolnej wskazują, że w perspektywie kolejnych dziesięciu lat pozycja rosyjskiego rolnictwa powinna dalej rosnąć. Jest to możliwe przy założeniu, że utrzymane zostaną dotychczasowe reformy i zwiększy się nacisk na technologiczną modernizację rosyjskiego rolnictwa.
EN
The purpose of this article is to show the changes that occurred in Russian agriculture in the first two decades of the 21st century and to indicate possible future trends in this sector. The analysis of data in the field of international statistics and available literature were used to prepare this text. The observed changes in Russian agriculture were mainly due to active state policy aimed at achieving the self-sufficiency of Russian agriculture. As a result of this process and other protectionist measures, Russia has become an important global food producer and exporter. Forecasts regarding changes in agricultural production conditions indicate that the position of Russian agriculture should continue to grow in the next ten years. This prognosis may happen only if Russia will continue the current reforms and the pressure on technological modernization of Russian agriculture will increase.
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