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Prawna ochrona powietrza przed zanieczyszczeniami związanymi z prowadzeniem działalności rolniczej

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Goździewicz-Biechońska J.

Studia Iuridica Agraria

2017

vol. Studia Iuridica Agraria, 2017, tom XV

Air is a vital component of the environment and its nature determines the priority of protection, but air pollution is still the most serious environmental threat to human life and health. The aim of the article is to determine whether the air protection law takes account of the importance of the agricultural sector (its impact on air quality), and to what extent the legal provisions on this issue are determined by the specificity of agricultural activity. The article focuses on the recent results of European Union legislative activity in this area – in particular the Directive 2016/2284 of 14 December 2016 on the reduction of national emissions of certain atmospheric pollutants (NEC directive). To illustrate how agricultural activities’ specificity impacts air policy on prevention of air pollution, the theoretical assumptions on the specificity of agricultural law are included. The author points out that both EU and national laws on air protection against agricultural pollution is fragmentary. It is also not adequate for the impact of this sector on air quality. New NEC directive’s evaluation shows that it will not be able to compensate for the lack of consistent legislation on air protection against agricultural pollution. This is due to the significant reduction of requirements in relation to the original assumptions, the total exclusion of requirements for methane, the substantial reduction in ammonia’s requirements and the introduction of derogations under the “flexible approach”.

The role of the agricultural sector in the legal system of national reductions of air pollution in the European Union under Directive 2016/2284 NEC

62%

Goździewicz-Biechońska J.

Przegląd Prawa Rolnego

2019

issue 2(25)

139-152

Celem rozważań jest określenie roli sektora rolniczego w prawnym systemie krajowych pułapów emisji zanieczyszczeń powietrza w Unii Europejskiej, w szczególności wymogów, jakie stawiają przed nim zmienione podstawy prawne w tym zakresie – dyrektywa nr 2016/2284 z 14 grudnia 2016 r. w sprawie redukcji krajowych emisji niektórych rodzajów zanieczyszczeń atmosferycznych, zmiany dyrektywy 2003/35/WE oraz uchylenia dyrektywy 2001/81/WE. Akt ten, obok dyrektywy azotanowej, stanowi obecnie jedną z najważniejszych regulacji prawa UE dotyczących ochrony przed zanieczyszczeniami środowiska ze źródeł rolniczych. Spośród objętych obowiązkiem redukcji przewidzianym w dyrektywie nr 2016/2284 NEC najważniejszym zanieczyszczeniem pochodzenia rolniczego jest amoniak, dlatego dla rolnictwa kluczowe są środki ukierunkowane na redukcję emisji tej substancji. Instrumenty te mają głównie charakter fakultatywny, a sposoby osiągnięcia krajowego celu redukcji wyznaczają państwa członkowskie. Konieczny jest zatem odpowiedni dobór środków w ramach strategii krajowych i dobranie ich do odmiennych typów działalności rolniczej. Niezbędne jest też powiązanie z innymi regulacjami, zwłaszcza dotyczącymi emisji przemysłowych i ochrony wód oraz systemowe podejście do zagadnień obiegu azotu, nie tylko na poziomie gospodarstw rolnych, lecz także w całych łańcuchach żywnościowych.

L’articolo si pone l’obiettivo di determinare il ruolo che il settore agricolo svolge per il regime dei limiti di emissione nazionali di determinanti inquinanti atmosferici nell’Unione europea, e nello specifico i requisiti stabiliti dalla base giuridica modificata al riguardo – Direttiva n. 2016/2284 del 14 dicembre 2016 sulla riduzione delle emissioni nazionali di determinanti inquinanti atmosferici, che modifica la direttiva 2003/35/CE e abroga la direttiva 2001/81/CE. L’atto in questione, insieme alla direttiva sui nitrati, è, al giorno d’oggi, una delle regolazioni più importanti dell’UE in materia di tutela dall’inquinamento ambientale dafonti agricole. Tra quelli coperti dall’obbligo di riduzione, previsto dalla Direttiva 2016/2284 NEC, l’ammoniaca è l’inquinante più importante di origine agricola, pertanto le misure volte a ridurre le emissioni di questa sostanza sono fondamentali per l’agricoltura. Gli strumenti in oggetto sono in prevalenza facoltativi e gli Stati membri sono liberi di stabilire i mezzi che servono a raggiungere l’obiettivo di riduzione nazionale. È pertanto necessario scegliere misure adeguate nell’ambito delle strategie nazionali e adattarle a diversi tipi di attività agricola. È inoltre necessario determinare connessioni con altre normative, in particolare con quelle che riguardano le emissioni industriali e la tutela delle acque, nonché creare unapproccio sistematico ai problemi della circolazione dell’azoto, non solo a livello di aziende agricole, ma anche nell’intera catena alimentare.

The aim of the article is to define the role of the agricultural sector in the legal systems of national emissions ceilings in the European Union, and in particular the requirements of the amended legal basis in this respect – Directive No 2016/2284 of 14 December 2016 on the reduction of national emissions of certain atmospheric pollutants, amending Directive 2003/35/EC and repealing Directive 2001/81/EC. This law, in addition to the Nitrates Directive, is currently one of the most important regulations of EU law on protection against environmental pollution from agricultural sources. Among the pollutants covered by the reduction obligation under Directive 2016/2284 NEC, ammonia is the most critical pollutant of agricultural origin, hence the crucial importance for agriculture of the measures aimed at reducing emissions of this substance. These measures are mainly of an optional nature and it is up to the Member States to determine how to achieve the national reduction target. It is therefore necessary to design the right mix of measures and match them with the different types of agricultural activities when developing relevant national strategies. It is also necessary to combine them with other regulations, in particular on industrial emissions and water protection, and to address the issues of nitrogen circle in a systemic manner, not only at farm level but also throughout the entire food chain.

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Prawna ochrona powietrza przed zanieczyszczeniami związanymi z prowadzeniem działalności rolniczej

The role of the agricultural sector in the legal system of national reductions of air pollution in the European Union under Directive 2016/2284 NEC