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EN
The allegorical story entitled At the Gate, which appeared as the eighth chapter of Elizabeth Costello, a novel by John M. Coetzee, ostentatiously alludes to the famous parable by Franz Kafka, Before the Law. Deconstructing an allegory with its own devices, Coetzee points to the need to replace allegorical reading, transform vague narrative meanings into unambiguous ideological senses, with interpretation, which always has to negotiate between the rule of the Law and the idiomatic singular voice, since both of them — the Law, as well as the narrative — are equally necessary to make interpretation possible. Rhetorically, it means replacing a readable allegory with a catachresis, which, by its ambiguous and intermediate status, eludes the opposition of the original and the figurative, situating itself into the borderland between them. Thus, it is a catachresis which becomes a figure of literature, which cannot make unambiguous ideological choices, but at the same time it cannot avoid them, if it is to hold any existential value.
The Biblical Annals
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1997
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vol. 44
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issue 1
29-42
PL
Der Aufsatz betrifft die in dem Altertum von christlichen und nichtchristlichen Autoren benutzte Allegorie. Die christliche Allegorie ist aber gar nicht dieselbe wie bei den anderen (heidniche Philosophie, Philo). De Unterschied besteht in Annahme der Historizität der betreffenden Aussagen, vor allem der in der Annahme der entscheidenden Bedeutung Christi für das Verstehen der ganzen alttestamentlichen Geschichte. Im Horizont der Hermeneutikprinzipien von Origenes ist das besonders überzeugend. Eben diese Hermenutikprinzipien lassen verstehen, wie weit die allegorische Interpretation in der Gesamtheit der alexandrinischen Exegese eingebaut ist.
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PL
"Celem artykułu jest pokazanie kilku historycznych odsłon „sporu” między symbolem a alegorią, który po raz pierwszy pojawia się w okresie oświecenia. Wychodząc od krytyki oświeceniowego i romantycznego pojęcia symbolu dokonanej przez Waltera Benjamina w jego książce o barokowym dramacie żałobnym, pokazuję następnie, w jaki sposób zrehabilitowana przez niego przy tej okazji alegoria zaczyna odgrywać kluczową rolę w dekonstrukcji Paula de Mana. Dla tego ostatniego staje się ona interpretacyjnym narzędziem, które podważa uświęconą przez romantyków totalność znaczenia i odsłania przewrotne gry języka z samym sobą. Inny epizod tego sporu rozgrywa się w psychoanalizie Freuda, gdzie idiosynkratyczność „alegorycznego” sensu generowanego przez aparat psychiczny w formie marzeń sennych czy scenariuszy pragnienia wchodzi w konflikt z uniwersalnym sensem kulturowych symboli, przenikających do psychicznych wytworów."
EN
"The purpose of the paper is to examine some episodes from the historical „controversy” between symbol and allegory triggered in the period of Enlightenment. My starting point being Walter Benjamin’s critique of the Enlightenment and Romantic conception of symbol in his book on German Trauerspiel I attempt to show how the notion of allegory put into new use by Benjamin becomes the key concept of Paul de Man’s deconstruction. De Man makes it into an interpretative tool which undermines the totality of meaning while uncovering the subtle and games language plays with itself. The other episode of that controversy is Freud’s psychoanalysis featuring the opposition between „allegorical”, idiomatic meaning of dreams or other phantasmatic scenarios and the universal meaning of cultural symbols that find their place in psychic artefacts."
EN
The article concerns the problem of allegory in two Czech historical novels from the beginning and the end of the 60s of the twentieth century: Kladivo na čarodějnice by Václav Kaplický and Tovaryšstvo ježišovo by Jiři Šotola. Both novels are also considered to be important political ‘clearing accounts’ novels. Application of allegory as a method of reception allows us to answer the question about the participation of the reader in the setting up of allegory in the Czech prose of the twentieth century .
EN
This article concerns the potential of figurative meaning in heroic poems as well as the links between epic mimesis and allegorical interpretation. It also deals with an early modern idea of a literary masterpiece and its standards. As an outstanding work, a poem should be attractive for both trained and less advanced readers, those who are capable to grasp intellectually each level of the text, and those who simply want to enjoy poetry as a source of pleasure and otium. The analysis of Alegoria del poema by Torquato Tasso and De perfecta poesi by Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski proves that in the early modern period the idea of figurative meaning of epic poems was still widely recognized. This multidimensional semantic structure, conceptualized by writers and critics, combines both didactic and the ‘pleasure-giving’ aspect of a poem as well as makes the epic plot a vivid actualization of moral beauty, and thus influences a reader in a long-lasting way typical of poetry and art. An allegorical interpretation, built over a structure of a heroic fable, unites the sensual beauty of things with an intellectual experience of the great order of the world. It also adds universal qualities to the mimesis of a poem and opens it up to a cognitive and ethical perspective. The process of intense reading, although described in academic terms in Renaissance and Baroque literary criticism, is initiated in a reader’s mind, as (s)he gets exposed to poetic beauty by the very nature of poesis perfecta.    
EN
The interpretation of the Bibie throughout the centuries followed a twofoid way: it consisted either in the research of the literate meaning connected with the intention of the author and the historical-cultural environment of the text, either in the more-the-literal creative development of ideas associated with the literary motives of the text. The first kind of interpretation is considered fundamental for the biblical studies and makes use of the historical-critical method. The second one constitutes a very important stream in the tradition of the Church but has been scarcely analyzed from the point of view of the biblical studies.
EN
The article presents the work of the Dominican preacher Gabriel Zawieszko (? – 1649). Each of his six collections of sermons is subordinated to the title metaphor, which (more or less) determines the inventional and compositional shape of individual volumes, individual sermons and arguments. Leopolita as the first Polish preacher so consciously and extensively applied the concept to sermons and entire collections, combining it with the exegesis of spiritual sense (sensus misticus). A similar way of forming collections of sermons is found in Poland only in the second half of 17th century.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia twórczość dominikańskiego kaznodziei Gabriela Zawieszki (? – 1649). Każdy z jego sześciu zbiorów kazań podporządkowany jest tytułowej metaforze, która (mniej lub bardziej) wyznacza kształt inwencyjny i kompozycyjny poszczególnych tomów, pojedynczych kazań i argumentów. Leopolita jako pierwszy polski kaznodzieja tak świadomie i szeroko zastosował koncept w kazaniach i całych zbiorach, łącząc go w wielowymiarowym wykorzystaniem w egzegezie sensu duchowego. Podobny sposób formowania zbiorów kazań spotykamy w Polsce dopiero w drugiej połowie XVII wieku.
EN
This article focuses on the curtain installed in the Municipal Theatre in Kraków (now the Juliusz Słowacki Theatre) painted by Henryk Siemiradzki. The giant composition is an example of the unique formula of allegoric painting related to rebuses, which, as attested by the many drawings preserved in his sketchbooks, was the artist’s favourite kind of pastime. The identification of new iconographic sources (primarily Les Dieux Antiques by Stéphane Mallarmé) and the broadening of the context for those already known has made it possible to ask questions anew about the sources of creativity and imagination in late academic painting. The juxtaposition of Siemiradzki’s allegorical curtain manifesto with the rebuses he devised (contained in the sketchbooks preserved in the National Museum in Kraków) problematises the issue of the relationship between word and image which was characteristic of that period.
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu jest namalowana przez Henryka Siemiradzkiego kurtyna Teatru Miejskiego (obecnie Teatru im. Juliusza Słowackiego) w Krakowie traktowana jako przykład szczególnej formuły malarstwa alegorycznego na swój sposób pokrewnej rebusom, które – jak świadczą liczne zachowane w szkicownikach przykłady – z upodobaniem uprawiał artysta. Zidentyfikowanie nowych źródeł ikonograficznych (przede wszystkim Les Dieux antiques Stéphane’a Mallarmé) i poszerzenie kontekstu dotychczasowych analiz pozwoliło na nowo postawić pytania o źródła twórczości i rolę wyobraźni w malarstwie późnoakademickim. Zestawienie alegorycznego programu kurtyny z konstruowanymi przez malarza rebusami (ze szkicowników zachowanych w Muzeum Narodowym w Krakowie) problematyzuje charakterystyczne dla epoki relacje między słowem a obrazem.
EN
The article is devoted to the examination of the motif of vision in Journey from Petersburg to Moscow by A.N. Radishchev and Letters of a Russian Traveler by N.M. Karamzin. On the basis of visual images’ examination in the texts the following conclusions about the evolution of vision representation method as a leading sensual code in the Russian literature of the 18th–early 19th centuries are drawn. The development of the motif came from the allegoric reading of the vision as the truth opening (Radishchev) to the multifaceted philosophic understanding of vision as a sense, serving as a ground for an emotional bond between people and the ability to sympathise with all the events of the world (Karamzin and his successors).
Vox Patrum
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2020
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vol. 75
139-162
EN
The goal of the article is to show the extent to which Origen’s homilies can be used as a model and inspiration for today’s homilies. It focuses on the formal aspects of Origen’s preaching, who was regarded as a master for spiritual interpretation of the Holy Scriptures and a “father” of the exegetical homily. His method of working with the sacred text and communicating its saving message was compared with the instructions for homilies contained in contemporary church documents and theological reflections. Our considerations lead to the following conclusions: Origen’s homilies are still current in terms of their Christological focus; the spiritual interpretation of the Bible is combined with openness to the light of the Holy Spirit; and he uses a direct, simple and dialogical style of preaching. On the other hand, objections are raised due to the lack of reference to the everyday life problems of his audience; Origen’s homilies are not acceptable today with regard to their composition because he elucidates the sacred text verse by verse.
PL
Celem artykułu było wykazanie na ile homilie Orygenesa mogą być inspiracją dla współczesnego przepowiadania homilijnego? Skupiono się przy tym na formalnych aspektach przepowiadania Orygenesa. Wskazano na Orygenesa jako na mistrza duchowej interpretacji Pisma Świętego oraz „ojca” homilii egzegetycznej. Jego metodę pracy nad tekstem świętym oraz sposób komunikacji zbawczego orędzia porównano ze wskazaniami dotyczącymi homilii zawartymi we współczesnych dokumentach Kościoła i refleksji teologicznej. Przeprowadzone analizy doprowadziły do następujących wniosków: homilie Orygenesa są aktualne pod względem chrystologicznej koncentracji swej treści, duchowej interpretacji Pisma św. połączonej z otwartością na światło Ducha Świętego oraz bezpośredniego, prostego i dialogicznego stylu przepowiadania; zastrzeżenie budzi natomiast zbyt małe odniesienie do problemów życia codziennego swych słuchaczy; nie do utrzymania jest także kompozycja Orygenesowej homilii polegająca na wyjaśnieniu tekstu świętego wiersz po wierszu.
Vox Patrum
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2007
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vol. 50
263-272
FR
Quatre-vingt-dix-neuf catecheses sur les Psaumes des Laudes et Vepres, proclamees par les papes Jean Paul II et Benoit XVI entre 28 mars 2001 et 8 fevrier 2006, furent preparees pendant le pontificat du pape polonais. Comme inventeur du projet Jean Paul II presantait aux fideles chaque semaine dans son enseignement l’exegese des Peres de l’Eglise, qui joint parfaitement l’interpretation scientifique et spirituelle du texte sacre. Les catecheses sont un exemple de bonne realisation du postulat du Concil Vatican II du „retour ad fontes", parce que elles montrent des liens tres stricts entre l’Ecriture sainte et les commentaires respectueux de la Tradition ecclesiastique. Grande nombre de 37 auteurs patristiques - plus ou moins connus - presentes dans les catecheses fut une occasion pour les participants aux audiences papales de faire une connaissance de la richesse de la litterature de l’Eglise primitive. L’exposition des deux aspects - christologique et spirituel - de l’exegese patristique montre la direction de l’interpretation contemporaine de l’Ecriture sainte non seulement pour les theologiens, mais aussi pour tous les membres de l’Eglise qui doivent prier avec les textes bibliques. Le pape Jean Paul II evoquait surtout la methode de typologie christologique tres repandue aux premiers siecles du christianisme, elargie par l’exegese spirituelle dans le milieu alexandrin, qui formait une source d’inspiration pour tous les plus grands exegetes patristiques en Orient et en Occident. En meme temps le pape montrait l’actualite de cette exegese pour notre epoque d’aujourd’hui et son utilite pour la vie morale et spirituelle des chretiens, beaucoup plus grande que celle de l’exegese litterale et historique, representee dans l’antichite chretienne par le milieu antiochien.
EN
The text discusses the most important issues raised in the monograph: an explanation of the meaning and role of symbolic theology (and the principle of cognitio symbolica, which is a part of it) in the work of Antoni Węgrzynowicz – an eighteenth-century preacher, a Cracow Franciscan, the author of several hundred sermons in Polish and Latin. What is emphasised is the author’s skill in identifying and describing the allegorisation procedures employed at various levels of the text (from the collection-concept, through individual sermons, to selected examples of argumentation). The reviewed publication is assessed as extremely valuable, both for its rich source material, erudition and analytical skills, as well as for its comprehensive coverage of the work of the preacher.
PL
Recenzja dotyczy książki Magdaleny Kuran „Przez zarzuconą subtelną bawełnicę…” – cognitio symbolica w kazaniach reformata Antoniego Węgrzynowicza (źródła, zastosowania, konteksty) (Łódź 2022). Tekst zawiera omówienie najważniejszych zagadnień poruszonych w monografii: wyjaśnienie znaczenia i roli teologii symbolicznej (oraz będącej jej częścią zasady cognitio symbolica) w twórczości Antoniego Węgrzynowicza – osiemnastowiecznego kaznodziei, członka zakonu krakowskich reformatów, autora kilkuset kazań w językach polskim i łacińskim. Podkreśla się umiejętność Autorki w rozpoznawaniu i opisie zastosowanych zabiegów alegoryzacyjnych na różnych poziomach tekstu (koncept całego zbioru, budowa poszczególnych kazań, wybrane przykłady argumentacji). Recenzowana publikacja zostaje oceniona jako niezwykle wartościowa, zarówno ze względu na bogaty materiał źródłowy, erudycję i umiejętności analityczne Autorki, jak i całościowe ujęcie twórczości krakowskiego kaznodziei.
EN
The article is concerned with a monograph that discusses the presence of symbols and allegories in Cyprian Norwid’s works. It is an important work raising a theme that is fundamental for modern studies of the poet. The studies gathered in the volume try to answer the question if Norwid is more of a continuator of Romantic literature, or rather he predicts literary trends characteristic of the beginning of the 20th century.
EN
Emblem as a genre composed of words and images is an extremely interesting research object. Hidden in the allegorical picture content is being developed and read in two stages: the inscription — which is often quote (taken out of the works of well–known authors), and signature — presenting the author’s thoughts about the complexity of the world, human and their physical and metaphysical relationships. Article shows how the allegorical picture hides or reveals creator’s reflections, how the correlation between words and ideas with the image looks like, as well as legibility (or illegibility) of artistic vision in itself helps (and whether it helps) in the interpretation of the text. Also tries to answer the question of whether and how in today’s “pictorial culture”, the young recipient is able to read and interpret old Polish emblems.
EN
The article describes two models of representing proletariat in the Polish poetry of the second half of the 19th century. The first model relates to the image of misery, poverty and weakness and focuses on the frail beings (children, orphans, paupers) faced with the state apparatus or lack of any help from the environment. Various forms of allegories appear in this model very frequently. The second model can be seen in the so called revolutionary poetry. Here, the image of poverty and weakness starts to fulfill a completely different role − the misery of the proletariat is perceived not through the eyes of an outside observer, but by the proletariat itself, although only to see the strength of the weak coming from their number. The same reality is thus depicted in an absolutely different manner − in the first case the image confirms the misery and weakness of the proletariat which can only be changed by an outside philanthropist; in the second case the image induces the sense of empowerment in the proletariat, which − although weak, exploited and humiliated – possesses an inner power to recover from its position.
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EN
The present sketch traces the process of verifying allegory which takes place in the Young Poland prose, in which authors use the images of sculptures. The interpretation of Pavoncello, a story by Stefan Żeromski, Chimera, a novel by Tadeusz Jaroszyński and The Angel of Death by Kazimierz Przerwa-Tetmajer allows to put forward a thesis that the allegorical function of sculptural works of art which appear in the presented world is challenged, whereas allegory understood as the compositional principle of a work is strengthened. Verification of allegory for the benefit of allegoresis is done by challenging the ‘semiogenic’ function of allegory and at the same time by appreciating it for defining trails of interpretation and universalizing meanings.
EN
Comparative studies have established that Cyprian Norwid knew about Friedrich Creuzer’s famous work on the symbol and mythology. He must at least have read its first volume, particularly the theoretical part (albeit in a French translation). Reading Creuzer aided him in reinterpreting his own concept of the symbol, presented in his early theoretical writings. His point of departure were Creuzer’s remarks about “mystical” and “divine” symbols. Norwid’s reinterpretation did not remain without consequences for his poetry. Recently several Norwid scholars have drawn attention to a fresh interpretative context: the concept of allegory elaborated by Walter Benjamin. They considered the context to be related to Benjamin’s and Norwid’s perception of the modern city (Paris from the “Passagenwerk”) and also to the motive of ruins. Benjamin presented his concept of the allegory in his famous book Origin of German Tragic Drama. He developed it on the basis of the same considerations about the symbol (focusing in a “totalizing” and “necessary” way on the “mystical now”) and allegory as Norwid once did. Here their paths converge. A precondition, however, for understanding Benjamin’s remarks about the symbol is his PhD thesis The Concept of Art Criticism in German Romanticism that devotes much attention to reflexivity in the oeuvre of Novalis and Fr. Schlegel.This “Romanticism of Jena” and its philosophy of consciousness had also impact on Norwid (though mediated by Mickiewicz’s “Parisian Lectures”). Comparing Norwid and Benjamin in these contexts contributes to defining their (differing) attitude towards the temporality of Being and the Holy.
EN
: The History by Theophylact Simocatta constitutes a very important source for the history of Byzantine civilization in the last two decades of the sixth century, especially within the context of the appearance of the Avars and Slavs in the Balkans.  Its importance as a source is also to be valued in the aspect of the Persian conflict on the eastern border.  Photius, the Patriarch of Constantinople (cod. 65, ed. Henry) was very strict in his opinion of the allegories present in Simocatta’s prose. The purpose of this paper is to verify the appropriateness of such harsh review by analyzing the presence of allegory in historical narrative in question. The analysis of all allegorical images present in Theophylact’s work has confirmed that the opinion presented by the author of Bibliotheca was indeed proper. Allegories in question prove to be highly conventional, lacking creativity, indistinctive and quite standard for the time. Only the image of Odysseus wandering, which served as allegory of writing, deserves to be called authentic and emotional. Not only are they of middling artistic value, but also they do not provide any help in interpreting the historical events they describe. Moreover, there is one fragment, where the allegory used can be even misleading and cause some misunderstandings of the text. Nevertheless, other rhetorical structures present in Theophylact’s History deserve to be praised, such as the method in which he uses the quotes from the epic. Such quotes are always very smoothly and diligently composed into narrative and designed to strengthen the author’s axiological argumentation, which seems to be a universal standard in Byzantine literature.
EN
The construction of texts belonging to the fantastic literature allows operation of allegory in a much wider range than in the texts not introducing these elements. The author creates a world represented by his own conception of reality, using imagination and mimetic techniques, and the receiver, conditioned by their individual space, affects the reception of the work. Readability of the text depends on the sender, which is forced to use the images and characters recognizable by the reader. The same principle applies to the plane of the structure of the whole work. Allegory can be treated as a kind of code to encrypt certain knowledge, hiding the truth, at the same time becomes a tool that allows the recipient to reveal hidden content. In the case of such novels as "Limes inferior" by Janusz A. Zajdel we are dealing with multilevel allegorical reading. In terms of historic the Zajdel ’s text provides a description of the socio–political relations between Poland and the Soviet Union and the socio–political relations in the People’s Republic of Poland. However, you can read this allegory in the context of a team problem of coexistence of individuals and their interpersonal relationship leading to mutual dependence of some on the other. To first reading the hints, which are performing guide functions, are necessary to read the topic from historical knowledge. In the second case communication analogies must activate, which you can read without detailed historical and cultural references. In both readings allegory serves as a key — “encryption” and “decryption” of images and activities described heroes in the world of fiction.
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63%
PL
The article is an attempt to explain sensual depictions that are constantly present in Norwid’s works – albeit they are sometimes hidden – by means of cognitivistic categories. On the example of two texts two different ways are shown, in which these depictions are used by the poet. A fragment from the drama Cleopatra and Caesar illustrates Norwid’s technique of realistic description, and the poem Fate – the technique of allegory.
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