The term ‘algorithm’ is roughly defi ned as a set of rules for solving a problem in a fi nite number of steps. Algorithms in music are used in a variety of ways, including sound synthesis and composing, whenever result benefi ts from applying a series of rules or instructions. Paweł Szymański has composed many such works and one of them is Singletrack for piano solo. Basing on analysis the author concludes that Singletrack’s algorithm is as following: 1. Create four motifs 7-, 9-, 11-, and 13-notes long with the same beginnings and endings if possible. 2. Build a single-voice construction taking in turn only one sound from the shortest to the longest motifs. After exhaustion of all sounds of any motif take sounds from the beginning of the motif and continue. 3. Do not change a register of the individual sounds. 4. See if a construction is possible to play by a pianist. 5. Continue to build the single-voice construction till desirable length. The algorithm above had resulted in initial structure, which Szymański changed later in many ways according to aesthetic rules. It is just the fi nal structure that shows the master class of the composer. However, the author puts off discussion of it on the other occasion.
This article describes the components of incremental scheduling algorithm integrated sport and recreation rehabilitation program for children with complex psychophysical development. The algorithm can be used in the practical work of the newly created Ukrainian educational and rehabilitation centers. The author describes details of the phased implementation of the presented model and gives a definition for each of its components. The author pays special attention to the possible difficulties in the implementation of the proposed algorithm and the ways to overcome them. In practice, the implementation of the model planning exercise for children with severe mental and physical development will go through the following tasks: 1) determine the number of students; 2) determination of purpose for an individual student or group of students; 3) determine the benefits and opportunities tastes student or group of students; 4) identify opportunities for correcting existing defects mental and physical development, the availability of specialized equipment, adaptations, special teaching methods, medical indications for exercise and warnings, depending on the individual students; 5) a plan of exercise on the analysis of collected data; 6) evaluate the effectiveness and functionality of the composite employment plan during its implementation; 7) make changes in the plan of exercise after evaluation. Teacher in the conditions of a special institution cannot work with only one child, so a universal model of building plan of exercise for children with severe mental and physical disabilities are solving urgent practical problems of special education. Further research in the field of application of means of physical culture in working with children who have complex psycho-physical deficiencies can be directed at developing specific techniques and tasks for pupils in educational and rehabilitation centers, depending on the existing shortcomings of psychophysical development and the specific institutions.
The presented paper comes as a summary of a theoretical work presenting an original algorithm describing International Multimodal Transport (IMT) mechanisms and processes. Since containers appeared in early 1960s on the regional, and later on, on global scale in logistic operations, the IMT has become the fastest growing combination of an international through-transport. With use of various modes of transport IMT has significant influence on global trade development. Due to its characteristic the IMT process is exposed on the global unitization, standardization, safety, security and economization (optimization) challenges. Thus, there is a need for scientific approach in building a standardized conceptual model of IMT referred in this paper to CAIMT. CAIMT is an original, deterministic algorithm, presented in the block notation, identifying typical procedures as a logical continuation of the programmed sequence of the basic IMT operations. The suggested CAIMT has a potential in further standardization of IMT procedures and can be scientifically developed through the modeling of the IMT processes and safety/security procedures. In addition, in terms of empirical aspects, algorithmization of the main IMT processes can lead to their application in the various expert systems. Summing up, this method (CAIMT) comes as an optimal instrument that can be utilized in order to build further pillars for IMT development, standardization and optimization.
The historical knowledge of Poles, including Polish students, leaves much to be desired, even on a basic level. The insufficient or even the lack of consolidation is the most likely explanation of this phenomenon. The proposed solution to this problem is the SuperMemo and its similar algorithms, along with school history content specially edited for its needs. Basically an algorithm is a set of steps leading to the completion of a task. In the SuperMemo case, the task is to optimize learning, or rather to reduce forgetfulness, while reducing the time devoted to still well-remembered knowledge. Both the SuperMemo and its similar have been implemented in many applications. Quizlet or the software with the same name as the algorithm – SuperMemo, are the examples of such applications. They allow you to learn your own materials as well as those already edited, either by the producer or by other users. The previously edited school historical content for the SuperMemo algorithm and its similar cannot be considered satisfactory if important issues such as: compliance with the core curriculum, division into classes and topics, historical narrative coherence, relationships between pairs of questions and answers, or degrees of difficulty, are regarded. This article proposes a method that can improve this state of affairs. It is the result of theoretical and quasi-experimental work, corrected later on the basis of more serious editorial experience.
This article has been devoted to the key dimensions of decision-making. The main goal of the authors was to point out the role and effect of invariants of nature, logic and conceptual systems of science and management, which are extremely important in decision-making processes. The research hypothesis has been tested that the complexity of decision-making and management are determined by the state of reality (Nature). This hypothesis is related to the fact that in science there is currently no uniform methodology associated with decision-making, just as science is not methodologically uniform. One can even doubt whether it is possible to describe the essential dimensions of decisions undertaken by Man, as discussed in this article. These problems are not a novelty to science, since they have been analysed by many scientists in the past. The authors of the article present the complexity and diversity of concepts defining systems of decision-making and management, based on selected fields of knowledge which are generally relevant to this issue, in particular fields associated with ontology and epistemology. Therefore, the text refers broadly to investigating the reality of basic areas of human knowledge and the overlapping relationships between them. This applies to the so-called circle of the sciences proposed and examined by the psychologist J. Piaget. An additional aim of the authors was to create a text presenting contemporary human knowledge about the reality which surrounds us. To understand reality means to be in relative equilibrium with it.
The paper presents a method of truth-graph by truth-tables. On the one hand, the truth-graph constituted by truth value coordinate and circumference displays a more visual representation of the different combinations of truth-values for the simple or complex propositions. Truth-graphs make sure that you don’t miss any of these combinations. On the other hand, they provide a more convenient tool to discern the validity of a complex proposition made up by simple compositions. The algorithm involving in setting up all the truth conditions is proposed to distinguish easily among tautologous, contradictory and consistent expressions. Furthermore, the paper discusses a certain connection between the truth graphs and the symbols for propositional connectives proposed by Stanisław Leśniewski.
If you prepare students for programming contests carefully selected and widely available online training and contests offer help and diversity. If you teach about testing programs you have to know which sites offer downloadable tests or feedback with detailed test cases. If you want to make series of tasks for practicing you have to know which sites offer you categorized tasks of the appropriate level. In order to be able to choose from the available materials we need to categorize them. The previously defined and used criteria need some supplement criteria for better and sophisticated use of categorization from the teacher’s point of view. Online resources can be classified in general: what programming languages can be used, how often the contests are organized, in which languages they can be accessed, what types of problems a website deals with and at what level, what prior knowledge is required. We can group sites according to whether they help teachers to set tasks for their students, or get ideas for solutions or see the results of their students. Online contests can also be categorized regarding whether students can see each other's solutions. The aim of this paper is to supplement the categorization and describe some major portals according to the previously defined and supplemented criteria.
We consider a model of opinion formation based on aggregation functions. Each player modifies his opinion by arbitrarily aggregating the current opinion of all players. A player is influential on another player if the opinion of the first one matters to the latter. Generalization of an influential player to a coalition whose opinion matters to a player is called an influential coalition. Influential players (coalitions) can be graphically represented by the graph (hypergraph) of influence, and convergence analysis is based on properties of the hypergraphs of influence. In the paper, we focus on the practical issues of applicability of the model w.r.t. a standard framework for opinion formation driven by Markov chain theory. For a qualitative analysis of convergence, knowing the aggregation functions of the players is not required, one only needs to know the set of influential coalitions for each player. We propose simple algorithms that permit us to fully determine the influential coalitions. We distinguish three cases: a symmetric decomposable model, an anonymous model, and a general model.
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder is an overarching term that describes the extent of effects of prenatal alcohol exposure. It includes the range of neurodevelopmental findings and other medical findings specific for FAS. Measurability of characteristics depends on several factors, such as diagnostic instruments, multidisciplinary focus, etc. The objective of the contribution is to provide the primary early care givers with recommendations for FASD screening. It involves suggestions that deal with recognition, protection and intervention of children with FASD in the most elaborate and unbiased manner. Results of the study offer selective intention of screening in preschool-aged children. The research was conducted with 173 children aged from 3 to 7 years. The authors used their own concept of selected domains indicating the occurrence of impairments in FASD domains. Specific quantitative and qualitative research methods were assigned to them. The impairments relate to anthropometric deviations determining early occurrence of FASD. The authors have selected the domain of basic anthropometry: head circumference, height and weight and philtrum and the obtained results from domains: auditory processing, selected cognitive components, motor system, speech and sensory processing. Conclusions define basic criteria for FASD screening in general population and basic algorithm of distribution of recognized child in a system of early care in the SR. They rely on the fact that there is urgent demand in Slovakia to involve participants in active FASD care.
The article discusses the definition and formalization of the multidimensional problem of the assignment of participants to separate groups and presents the selection and characteristics of practically available algorithms that provide the solution to the problem. It also analyses the expressiveness of the means to present the preferences and constraints of the assignment participants.
PL
Praca omawia definicję i formalizację problemu wielokrotnego (wielowymiarowego) przydziału uczestników do oddzielnych grup, a także dobór oraz charakterystykę praktyczne dostępnych algorytmów, dostarczających jego rozwiązania. Analizowana jest także ekspresywność środków wyrażania preferencji i ograniczeń przez uczestników przydziału.
As today’s communicative acts are usually irrevocably tied with digital technology, it is important to better understand the resulting ontological and epistemological shifts. The central claim of this article is that humans can no longer be the prime referents of research, either as pure communicators or pure audiences. Instead, research must become sensitive to relational agential flows, whereby different entities interact within ontologically flat agglomerations. For this purpose, the article develops a posthumanist account of the research process that explicitly rejects traditional anthropocentric assumptions in favor of an egalitarian framework that emphasizes relationality and, therefore, constant multidirectional change without linear paths of causation.
In the article the topicality of the problem of studentss’ algorithmic culture forming is revealed.It is substantiated by the fact that in school mathematics algorithmic line begins to develop in primary school. Students of junior grades study the simplest algorithms of arithmetic operations, the sequence of arithmetic operations with natural numbers when solving problems and exercises, which is a form of algorithmic propaedeutic culture. The didactic conditions of formation of algorithmic culture of students in the study of school mathematics are defined, as well as the general scheme of the formation of the algorithmic culture of students in the study of school mathematics, which includes the following stages: the disclosure of the content and method of algorithmization; familiarity with the concept of the algorithm and its properties; formation of abilities to use basic algorithms for computing; formation of basic skills and logging algorithms in different forms; formation of abilities to use basic algorithmic structures. An analysis of the content of school mathematics of the 5–6 grades allowed to select the rule, which can be algorithmic: comparison of natural numbers and fractions; actions with fractions; rounding integers and fractions; finding the arithmetic mean; calculation of interest; finding the greatest common divisor; finding the least common multiple and others. We consider four types of means of signs and symbolic visibility, which are used in the assimilation of mathematical concepts and systematization of mathematical knowledge. Methodological recommendations for the assimilation of such rules with the help of block diagrams and tables are given. The examples of tables in which the rules can be learned from the actions of decimals and the rule for finding the greatest common divisor of two integers, as well as a diagram comparing two integers are given. The proposed tables and diagrams can be used in the process of studying the relevant school mathematics by the students of the 5–6 grades.
The article describes the organization of the work in the sphere of formation of common cultural competence of future teachers of foreign languages by means of innovative technologies. The system of this work suggests the usage of the algorithm, which consists of five interrelated stages: motivating, basic, formative, creative, control and evaluation. The suggested algorithm can help teachers to solve different types of educational tasks. It also ensures the assimilation of those who study identified (in this case, first of all, common cultural) knowledge and skills; it also allows students to make decisions independently because with the help of purposeful and systematic use of innovative technologies it is possible to form a high (creative) level of common cultural competence of future teachers of foreign languages. At all stages of the algorithm implementation in the educational process in the classroom there have been introduced various innovative technologies (gaming technology, interactive technologies, project method, computer and telecommunication technologies, media technology, method of synectics, method of inversion, the method of the morphological box, pyramid discussion, debate, pair or group work and so on), which corresponded to the specific objectives of each lesson and tasks of the certain stage. It is emphasized that modern innovative technologies allow to develop comprehensively the cultural horizons of future teachers, their understanding of the system of universal cultural values, universal human and national values, to understand the language as a means of communication by members of a particular national linguo-cultural community, as the basis of linguo-cultural paradigm; ability to use acquired cultural knowledge and skills in accordance with situations of communication in communication and pedagogical activity; the ability to assess works of art, a strong demand for self-education, self-development, self-improvement; forming secondary language personality, which can realize him/herself in the framework of the “dialogue of cultures”, overcome cultural and language barriers. All these contribute to the formation of general cultural competence at the rational, emotional and personal levels.
Komputerowe programy prezentacyjne oraz łatwe w obsłudze edytory języków programowania stworzyły nauczycielom nieograniczone moŜliwości projektowania i wykonywania własnych opracowań metodycznych opartych na technologiach informatycznych i informacyjnych. Jak wielkie znaczenie cywilizacyjne wywarło upowszechnienie się hiperteksu wyjaśnia szerzej W. Furmanek w opracowaniu Cywilizacyjne i osobowe znaczenie hipertekstu [2008]. W artykule poruszana jest problematyka związana z projektowaniem multimedialnych programów dydaktycznych. To na etapie projektowania podejmowane są decyzje dotyczące struktury programu dydaktycznego, sposobu prezentowania treści kształcenia, ich układu metodycznego, doboru mediów słuŜących do przekazywania i sprawdzania nowo nabytych wiadomości. Często konsekwencją ustalenia struktury multimedialnego programu dydaktycznego i zastosowania określonych mediów jest wybór technologii informatycznych słuŜących do jego realizacji.
EN
Presentation computer programs and easy to use word processors for programming language have offered teachers inexhaustible possibilities of designing and performing their own methodological studies based on information technology. W. Furmanek broadly explains the civilisation significance of popularising a hypertext in the study Civilisation and personal significance of hypertext (2008). The article presents the issues connected with designing multimedia didactic programmes. During the designing stage, there are decisions taken on the structure of a didactic programme, the way of presenting its educational contents, their methodological layout as well as the adjustment of media needed to pass and check newly acquired knowledge. In most cases, the creation of the structure of a multimedia didactic programme and application of specific media relies on the selection of information technologies that allow for its implementation.
The article discusses the issue of influencer marketing in the context of social, technological and individual changes that affect the effectiveness of marketing communications. Limitations resulting from consumer preferences, media fragmentation and information overload make it increasingly difficult for brands to build awareness and reach audiences. Influencer marketing is an area that is increasingly willing to be used in the communication mix, but also in this area, we observe a growing number of limitations, which are worth being aware of when planning activities in this area. The purpose of this paper is to identify the limitations arising from the use of algorithms by social media platforms that determine the layout and visibility of content in the feed. The author developed an overview of algorithm changes on the Instagram platform and reviewed the literature on this issue concerning the Instagram platform, which is indicated as the most frequently used by marketers for activities in the field of influencer marketing. Visibility restrictions due to algorithms affect not only brands but also influencers. However, influencers take a number of actions to recognise the rules imposed by algorithms, thus building greater visibility for their content. Additionally, they can support brands with their expert experience. Therefore, the choice of an influencer for cooperation should, in addition to essential parameters related to brand fit, consider the effectiveness of reaching new audiences through the skilful use of knowledge and experience in the changing rules of algorithms.
The main research thesis of the article is as follows: any analyzes of the transformations in the world of work and the phenomena taking place in it will make sense only in connection with the principles of operation of algorithms (algorithmic technology), which interpret them in a specific way and from which they are inseparable. In turn, the method of algorithmic management is embedded, like any other method, in the sphere of fundamental rights of an individual, it cannot violate their core (essence), it cannot ignore them in any way. Therefore, neither the algorithms themselves nor their operation can be interpreted in isolation, but only in a manner consistent with the fundamental principles of the Constitution and its system of values.
PL
Główna teza badawcza artykułu jest następująca: wszelkie analizy dokonujących się obecnie przeobrażeń świata pracy i zachodzących w nim zjawisk będą miały sens jedynie w łączności z zasadami działania algorytmów (technologii algorytmicznej), które je w określony sposób interpretują i od których są nieodłączne. Z kolei metoda algorytmicznego zarządzania osadzona jest, jak każda inna metoda, w sferze praw podstawowych jednostki, nie może naruszać ich rdzenia (istoty), nie może ich w żaden sposób ignorować. Ani same algorytmy, ani ich działanie nie mogą być więc interpretowane w izolacji, ale wyłącznie w sposób zgodny zasadami podstawowymi Konstytucji oraz jej systemem wartości
At present, there is a significant demand for the development of diets that suit the needs of diabetics, obese people and the ones who care about their weight. The article presents the justification for the need to develop a cheap and user-friendly mobile application to generate a nutrition plan for a particular diet. It also presents the way how to design such an application, the principles on which the algorithms are based, the elements of the project and the functioning of the created program.
PL
W świecie współczesnym istnieje duże zapotrzebowanie na tworzenie diety odpowiedniej dla potrzeb diabetyków, ludzi otyłych lub dbających o wagę. W artykule przedstawiono uzasadnienie potrzeby zbudowania aplikacji mobilnej, taniej i łatwej w użyciu, która określa plan żywieniowy według przewidzianej diety. Opisano sposób projektowania tej aplikacji, zasady, na których oparte są wykorzystywane algorytmy, przedstawiono elementy projektu oraz pokazano działanie stworzonego programu.
Artykuł dotyczy problemu dostosowania architektury do dzisiejszych potrzeb człowieka. Głównym jego celem było znalezienie odpowiedzi na pytanie, jaka jest rola nowoczesnych miejsc pracy. Został on napisany na podstawie pracy dyplomowej o nazwie „Blok 477”. Jest to projekt sieci inkubatorów zawierających najbardziej popularne w danym czasie i miejscu narzędzia, które pozwalają na wytwarzanie różnych innowacyjnych produktów w oparciu o najnowsze osiągnięcia naukowo-technologiczne, a także współpracę oraz rozwój osobisty freelancerów. Projekt tworzy funkcjonalną strukturę, w której mieszają się różne dziedziny nauki, co prowadzi do fuzji i powstawania nowych zjawisk. Lokalizacje dla inkubatorów są wybierane w kluczowych punktach zagęszczenia infrastruktury internetowej na świecie (np. Manhattan, Nowy Jork). Program użytkowy jest funkcją algorytmu opracowanego na podstawie wybranej dziedziny informatyki społecznej, tzw. reality mining (analizowanie zjawisk społecznych w internecie). Struktura przestrzenna inkubatora jest powiązana z algorytmem funkcjonalnym, który pozwala na ciągły rozwój i transformację budynku.
EN
The article refers to the problem of adapting architecture to today’s needs of man. The main purpose of this paper was to find the answer to the question of what is the role of modern work places. It is based on the diploma thesis “Block 477”. This is a project of the incubators’ network which include the most popular tools in the present time and place. Tools which allow making various innovative products based on the newest achievements of science and technology, and also cooperation and self-development of freelancers’. The project creates a functional structure, in which different fields of science are mixed, which leads to the merging and creating new phenomena. The incubators’ locations are set in key places where the internet infrastructure in the world is most dense (e.g. Manhattan, NY). The usable program is a function of the algorithm elaborated on the basis of a chosen domain of social informatics, the so-called reality mining (analyzing social phenomena in the internet). The spatial structure of the incubator is bound with the functional algorithm which allows constant development and transformation of the building.
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