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ANIMAL AS AN ALIEN

100%
Society Register
|
2019
|
vol. 3
|
issue 3
167-178
EN
The aim of the text is to reflect on defining animals as negative opposites of human beings, that contradict humanistic values and ideals. In a posthuman thought Rossi Braidotti proposes zooegalitarism, aiming at providing animals and humans with equal rights. In cultural human tradition, one can find deeply rooted tendency to oppose humans and animals. Looking at this phenomenon from a humanistic point of view, we can notice that proposed by Lévinas cathegory of the Other, has no application here. To contrary: animal is treated as an alien, and all negative qualities of the alien are automatically assigned to animal as well. What purpose this opposition serves? And what happens if this opposition disappears?
EN
The article provides an analysis of the legal aspects of expulsion of an alien suffering from a serious physical or mental illness to a country where treatment options for this illness are less accessible than those available in the country of residence (particularly in the case of HIV/AIDS, HCV, various forms of cancer, etc.). The article indicates the legal basis under European law (especially Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights on the prohibition of inhuman treatment), and the case law of the European Court of Human Rights relating to this issue. The author emphasizes that the ECHR has adopted a very restrictive approach concerning the expulsion of seriously ill non-nationals, and the national courts of States parties to the ECHR must ensure protection against expulsion to foreigners.
EN
The opinion stresses that EU law requires that foreigners be able to buy real property in each Member State. This principle may, however, be subject to certain restrictions. Currently, under the Accession Treaty, Poland is entitled to apply restrictions on the acquisition of agricultural real estate by foreigners. This transition period ends on 1 May 2016. After this date it will also be possible to impose restrictions on the acquisition of agricultural real estate by foreigners, provided that the requirements laid down in the Treaty on the functioning of the European Union or in the case law of the Court of Justice of the EU are satisfied.
EN
Berhard Waldenfels claimed that at the turn of 18th and 19th century “the alien explicitly and definitely penetrated the heart of the reason and the heart of the one’s own” in Western culture. Since then we no longer live in a world, where we could be fully ourselves. But the alien still haunts us and raises fear. A hundred years later, at the turn of 19th and 20th century, British literature presented two powerful images of confrontation with the alien, images that penetrated the imagination of the mass audience in 20th and 21st century: Martians from H.G. Wells’ famous novel and the iconic bloodthirsty count created by B. Stoker. Though they seemingly radically differ from humans at a close look they make us rethink our definition of humanity and of the alien.
EN
We read The Odyssey as a lesson in “goodwill”. This is an indispensable concept, because it allows us to overcome the limitations resulting from the assumptions made by Carl Schmitt when he made the distinction between friends and ene-mies the original experience of the world. The “Greekness” of the attitude of goodwill, whose deficit has painfully affected us in Europe, consists in a reli-giousness transformed by the lesson of enlightenment, which in a secular world means the conviction that wisdom and the ability to survive, often granted to Homer’s protagonists by gods who are in conflict, may now be given to us through those who come to us from a world which is not ours. Since it is an alien that allows us to find out what we are like, it is worth cultivating the tradition of “hospitality”, which Derrida gives a new dimension seen from the point of view of contemporary migratory movements.
EN
The aim of this article is to demonstrate the differences in the perception of immigrants and refugees in social debate taking place online. For that purpose, the authors analysed comments posted in social media (Facebook). When describing the techniques of categorization, attention was paid to the interlacing colloquial and scientific descriptions in the discourse concerned with contemporary migrations, also focusing on the process of neosemantization to which scientific terms are subjected.  
EN
Aliens who are parties to expulsion proceedings have the right to view their files, make notes and copies, and demand that notes or copies of the case files be authenticated. In each case, this must be justified by the interests of the party (Article 73(1) and (3) of the Code of Administrative Procedure [CAP]). However, the legislator stipulated that the law provided for in Article 73 of the CAP shall not apply to case files which contain classified information (‘secret’ or ‘top secret’), neither shall it apply to other files that the public administration body has excluded due to their being contrary to State interests (Article 74(1) the CAP). This means that records of the proceedings are available neither to the party nor the counsel. The aim of this paper is, therefore, to examine whether the Polish legal order includes procedural mechanisms which  accommodate, on the one hand, legitimate State security considerations regarding the nature and sources of the information taken into account in the adoption of decision obliging foreigners to return and, on the other hand, the need to ensure sufficient compliance with an aliens’ procedural rights, such as the right of access to the files and the right to a defence.
PL
Cudzoziemiec będący stroną postępowania w przedmiocie zobowiązania do powrotu ma prawo dostępu do swoich akt, sporządzania notatek, kopii lub odpisów, jak również prawo żądania uwierzytelnienia odpisów z akt sprawy, co musi uzasadnić ważnym interesem (art. 73 ust. 1 i 3 Kodeksu postępowania administracyjnego [k.p.a.]). Ustawodawca zastrzegł jednak, że prawa wynikającego z art. 73 k.p.a. nie stosuje się do akt sprawy zawierających informacje niejawne o klauzuli tajności „tajne” lub „ściśle tajne”, a także do innych akt, które organ administracji publicznej wyłączy ze względu na ważny interes państwowy (art. 74 ust. 1 k.p.a.). Oznacza to, że w takim postępowaniu ani pełnomocnikowi, ani tym bardziej stronie nie są udostępniane dokumenty, których dotyczy postępowanie. Celem artkułu jest zbadanie, czy w polskim porządku prawnym istnieją mechanizmy procesowe, które umożliwiają pogodzenie uzasadnionych względów bezpieczeństwa państwa w odniesieniu do charakteru i źródeł informacji branych pod uwagę przy wydawaniu decyzji o zobowiązaniu do powrotu z koniecznością zapewnienia cudzoziemcowi korzystania z uprawnień procesowych, takich jak prawo dostępu do akt oraz prawo do obrony.
EN
This article provides an overview of the prohibition against arbitrary expulsion of aliens under Article 1 of the Protocol No. 7 to the ECHR and its implementation in Polish law and practice. The provision discussed in the article provides an alien with procedural guarantees against arbitrary expulsion. It should be noted that the analysed regulation stipulates that an alien who is lawfully in the territory of a State may be expelled only in pursuance of a decision reached by a competent authority in accordance with domestic law. The independent courts must be able to react in cases where a Polish authority invokes a threat that an alien poses to national security with no reasonable basis in fact or reveals an arbitrary interpretation of national security. The argument that a lawful alien poses a serious threat to national security or public order as a reason to expel him/her cannot be based on vague; unproven and anonymous allegations or unspecified information contained in a secret internal document.
PL
Artykuł poświęcony jest analizie zakazu arbitralnego wydalania cudzoziemców w świetle art. 1 Protokołu nr 7 do EKPC i jego realizacji w polskim prawie i praktyce. Omawiany przepis zapewnienia cudzoziemcowi szeregu gwarancji proceduralnych przed arbitralnym wydaleniem. Stanowi on również, że cudzoziemiec legalnie przebywający na terytorium państwa może być z niego wydalony jedynie w wyniku decyzji podjętej zgodnie z prawem, co oznacza, że prawo krajowe powinno określać organ właściwy w sprawach wydalania cudzoziemców oraz zasady i tryb postepowania w tych sprawach. Stwierdzenie przez organ administracyjny, że cudzoziemiec jest niepożądany na terytorium Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z uwagi na konieczność ochrony bezpieczeństwa państwa i porządku publicznego, musi być poparte przeprowadzeniem stosowanego rozumowania i wskazywać na fakty, które przesądzają o istniejącym, rzeczywistym zagrożeniu z jego strony.
EN
In cases concerning expulsion of aliens, an expulsion decision should identify a competent authority as well as applicable provisions of substantive law and relevant procedural rules. An alien should be granted a right to appeal to an independent authority requesting revision of the legality of the expulsion order. The effectiveness of the above right depends on whether it has a suspensive effect leading to a State suspending an expulsion decision at the moment it is filed. Under the provisions of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR), the right of an alien to appeal against a deportation order is expressed in Article 13 and Article 1 of Protocol No. 7 to the ECHR. However, on the basis of the existing case law and decisions of the European Court of Human Rights, it may be concluded that Article 1 of Protocol No. 7 to the ECHR has not played any important role in practice. The procedural guarantees to which an alien is entitled in expulsion proceedings remain beyond the scope of the right to a fair trial under Article 6 of the ECHR. What is more, there are still countries unwilling to ratify Protocol No. 7. Thus Article 13 of the ECHR is an attempt to close the loophole concerning procedural protection against expulsion and formulates the right to an effective remedy.
PL
Decyzja o wydaleniu cudzoziemca powinna określać organ właściwy w sprawach wydalania cudzoziemców oraz zasady i tryb postępowania w tych sprawach. Cudzoziemiec, jako adresat decyzji o wydaleniu, powinien mieć zagwarantowane prawo odwołania się do niezależnego organu, właściwego do zbadania legalności tej decyzji. Wymaga podkreślenia, że efektywność omawianego uprawnienia zależy przede wszystkim od tego, czy odwołanie ma efekt suspensywny, który powodowałby wstrzymanie wykonania decyzji o wydaleniu w momencie złożenia odwołania. Na gruncie Konwencji o ochronie praw człowieka i podstawowych wolności (EKPC) prawo cudzoziemca do wniesienia środka odwoławczego w procedurze wydaleniowej jest przewidziane w art. 13 i art. 1 Protokołu nr 7. Analizując dotychczasowy dorobek orzeczniczy Europejskiego Trybunału Praw Człowieka, można jednak dojść do wniosku że, art. 1 Protokołu nr 7 nie odegrał jak dotąd znaczącej roli w praktyce. Na taki stan rzeczy składają się trzy zasadnicze powody. Po pierwsze, przysługujące cudzoziemcom gwarancje proceduralne w procesie wydalenia pozostają poza zakresem prawa do rzetelnego procesu sądowego na podstawie art. 6 EKPC. Po drugie, niektóre państwa w dalszym ciągu odmawiają ratyfikacji Protokołu nr 7. Po trzecie, zaistniałą lukę w zapewnieniu cudzoziemcom proceduralnej ochrony przed wydaleniem stara się wypełnić art. 13 EKPC, który formułuje prawo do skutecznego środka odwoławczego.
EN
The ritual „Gramada” is a typical tradition of the  Bulgarian ethnic territories that appeared between the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. It represents a symbolic way of „escorting” (a sort of symbolic funeral) of a dead man, who committed an act unacceptable for the community, upon the world of the dead. The „Gramada” ceremony is observed as piling up some stones on a sacral place so  they can form (create) a barrier between the  sinner  and  the  righteous.  During  the ritual,  symbolic  words  and  acts are  performed  as a verbal and nonverbal act of magic. It reveals thebelief of the traditional Bulgarian people in the magical power of words.
PL
The ritual „Gramada” is a typical tradition of the  Bulgarian ethnic territories that appeared between the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. It represents a symbolic way of „escorting” (a sort of symbolic funeral) of a dead man, who committed an act unacceptable for the community, upon the world of the dead. The „Gramada” ceremony is observed as piling up some stones on a sacral place so  they can form (create) a barrier between the  sinner  and  the  righteous.  During  the ritual,  symbolic  words  and  acts are  performed  as a verbal and nonverbal act of magic. It reveals thebelief of the traditional Bulgarian people in the magical power of words. 
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EN
The aim of this study is to prepare the literary researcher to conduct imagological research. The text is therefore introductory and instructional on the one hand and reviewing and synthetic on the other. It consists of four parts: (1) an explanation of three basic imagological concepts: other / alien, image, and ethnotype; (2) a discussion of the way in which source material for imagological research is collected; (3) the characteristics of the possible ways of developing the selected text material and therefore possible profiles of imagological research; (4) a presentation of some of the most important findings of imagology and an indication of the related moments of imagological analysis, in which the scholar should exercise particular caution.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł ma na celu przygotowanie badacza literaturoznawcy do prowadzenia dociekań imagologicznych. Tekst ma więc z jednej strony charakter wprowadzający i instrukcyjny, z drugiej zaś przeglądowy i syntetyczny. Składają się nań cztery części: 1) wyjaśnienie trzech podstawowych pojęć imagologicznych: innego/obcego, obrazu oraz etnotypu; 2) omówienie sposobu doboru materiału źródłowego do badań imagologicznych; 3) charakterystyka możliwych sposobów opracowania wyselekcjonowanego materiału tekstowego, a zatem możliwych profili badań imagologicznych; 4) prezentacja kilku najważniejszych ustaleń imagologii i wskazanie związanych z nimi momentów analizy imagologicznej, w których badacz winien zachować szczególną ostrożność.
IT
1Pt e scritta „ai pellegrini della diaspora”, ai quali e poi rivolta l’esortazione a comportarsi eon timore nel tempo del loro „pellegrinaggio” e ad astenersi dalie concupiscenze della carne. Alle nozioni scritturistiche va aggiunta osservazione che nella sua prima fase il cristianesimo era costituito da minoranze che vivevano tra loro in una situazione geografica di isolamento.
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