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EN
The tax complaint and mediation underwent a noticeable makeover thanks to the decree September 24, 2015, n. 156, which gave effect to the delegation of reform of the tax system (law March 11, 2014, n. 23). The decree has completely rewritten the article 17 bis, decree n. 546/1992, which, in the original formulation, had aroused many doubts of interpretation and application problems, also in terms of constitutionality, culminating in a ruling by the Constitutional Court. The intervention is symptomatic of the evolution of the regulatory system toward a “marginalization” of contentious stage, intended to be a measure of extrema ratio, kicked down to a remote possibility, solvable even on slopes of judgment, through conflict resolution instruments structured in such a way as to be convenient and attractive to both parties. Although he has not solved all the problems of interpretation, the novel has the merit of having corrected some discrepancies, present in the original version, in order to implement the renewal instances from multiple parts: the result was the strengthening of the institute, aimed at resolving minor disputes out of court, composed mainly of disputes of limited economic value, although numerous in quantity; this made it possible to avoid a waste of resources, focusing on the most relevant disputes judicial machine. Regulatory choices underlying the reform can be summarised as follows: extension of the complaint/mediation to all acts-including land-value below the deductible (unchanged), issued by tax bodies, officers or private dealers imposition; restructuring of benefit sanctions in favour of the taxpayer; simplification of procedural mode; possibility for disputes subject to tax claim by experiencing tax court settlement, in the future be used as well on appeal, both in court and out court; regulating the payment of the amount due as a result of the proceedings.
EN
Mediation is a method of alternative dispute resolution that uses a neutral third party to assist parties in resolving disputed issues. Mediator conducts the negotiation, but has no authority to decide. He is obliged to remain impartial, provide information to parties to the mediation proceedings as well as keep confidentiality of the information disclosed during the proceedings. Mediation is voluntary and allows disputing parties considerable flexibility in reaching a resolution. The article describes the German Mediation Act that is transposing Directive 2008/52/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2008 on certain aspects of mediation in civil and commercial matters. Under new law judges are allowed to play the part of mediators in order to find an amicable solution in the course of conciliatory proceedings.
PL
The aim of the article is to explain the reasons for the introduction of mediation in administrative law. Mediation is presented in the light of the Recommendation of the Committee of the Council of Ministers R (2001)9 of 5 September 2001 on Alternatives to Litigation Between Administrative Authorities and Private Parties. The adoption of this act was justified by the situation of administrative courts in the member states of the Council of Europe. The common problems in the area of justice were the excessive number of court cases, excessive formalisation of court proceedings and a dispute resolution model that would disregard solutions that could satisfy both parties to the administrative dispute. It was also stated that these problems might have a negative impact on citizens’ access to justice and lead to the violation of the rights of the parties to court proceedings, referred to in Article 6 par. 1 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. The measures that may constitute an alternative to the judicial resolution of administrative disputes in the Recommendation include: internal control of administrative acts, amicable proceedings/conciliation, mediation, settlement and arbitration. This Recommendation has shaped the Polish solutions in the field of introducing alternative dispute resolution methods to administrative law. However, in the realities of the Polish legal conditions included in the Recommendation, the proposals have become an incentive to introduce only the institution of mediation. First, it became part of the court-administrative proceedings, and then it was introduced to the administrative proceedings. Currently, when after the introduction of mediation to the Code of Administrative Procedure, the use of ADR methods under administrative law has again become the subject of a broader interest in the doctrine, it is worth recalling the reasons why in 2001 the Council of Europe recommended introducing alternatives to national legal orders.
EN
This Article brings a general overview of legislation on consumer law in the Czech Republic, notably with respect to enforcement of consumer law. Czech law knows various ways how to enforce consumer rights such as court proceedings, out-of-court dispute resolution or sanctions for breach of consumer law. Consumer organizations play also an important role. Regarding out-of-court dispute resolution, attention has been paid in particular to specialized administrative agencies and proceedings before the Czech Trade Inspection Authority. Authors also shortly describe the development of arbitration, which is, however, no longer allowed in the case of consumer disputes.
EN
The article deals with the integration of mediation into the Hungarian justice system, with particular attention to its historical aspects, the connection between litigation and mediation and the conditions for becoming a mediator, as well as the two types of mediation.
EN
ADR (Alternative Dispute Resolution), as a non-judicial resolution of disputes, is a wide range of mechanisms that aim to put an end to a conflict without the need of conducting a trial before the court. On the other hand, the modern form of ADR is ODR (Online Dispute Resolution) – an online dispute resolution system that is the expression of the newest means of communication and technical innovations in order to help in non-judicial dispute resolving. The goal of this publication is to present the ODR platform and, in particular, to describe the process of filing a complaint by the consumer by means of it.
EN
The article presents mediation as the basic method of alternative dispute resolution (the so-called ADR), used to resolve conflicts in administrative and judicial-administrative proceedings, and analyses legal regulations regarding mediation in administrative and court-administrative cases. The summary draws attention to the similarities and differences between administrative mediation and court-administrative mediation.
EN
The role of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) in the management of cases and disputes in Nigeria and across the globe cannot be overemphasized. The judicial arm of the government is the arm responsible for interpretation of laws in Nigeria and the judiciary’s role in preserving the rights of citizens across Nigeria also cannot be overemphasized. It ensures that the society is stable in the face of insta-bility and ensures that lawlessness is not maintained. The judiciary ensures that laws made by the legislature are obeyed by ensuring that those who violate the provisions of any established laws are punished. In doing all these, it has been established that the system of administering justice in our courts in Nigeria is extremely slow. Considering the foregoing, alternative dispute resolution as a means of settling disputes has been of tremendous help in easing the hardship of getting cases resolved through the court system. This paper examines ways through which alternative dispute resolution has assisted the Nigerian judicial system and the need to use alternative dispute resolution the more in order to ensure that number of cases handled by courts are drastically reduced. Recommendations are made at the end of the research.
EN
The main aim of diplomacy of the future is to settle various international disputes effectively and safely. In this paper, the author has selected and analyzed crucial sources of international law to refer to the meaning, genesis, and legal context of the principle of peaceful settlement of international disputes to illustrate its influence on modern diplomacy. Furthermore, the author endeavored to name and to characterize the main alternative dispute resolution (ADR) methods, which are being used to form modern international relationships. In the final part of the paper, the author tries to determine the main political, cultural, technological, and sociological factors that may soon affect the way, in which policymakers and diplomats are resolving global disputes as well as shaping international relations.
EN
Nowadays solutions are sought for public administration to involve citisens in decision-making as one of the ways of promoting the development of civil society and thus to foster democratic forms of government. Public administration is looking for efficient methods of resolving administrative disputes. Administrative mediation serving the purpose of ensuring proper communication between the parties to administrative proceedings is one of such methods. Mediation in public administration hinges upon the definition of communication rules. The aim of this paper is to define communication from the perspective of legal science and discuss its application in the administrative mediation proceedings. In this article, we discuss the essence, the subject matter and the object of mediation as well as the legal regulations governing the mediation procedure and consider the possibility of applying mediation to the administrative procedure, as exemplified by the related case law. The study has been conducted by means of the legal research methods, in particular the legal-dogmatic approach and the legal functionalism approach.
EN
The subject of this article is the use of ADR in sports disputes in association football under the Polish and Ukrainian law. Professional and amateur sport generates various types of disputes related to both disciplinary and civil cases, an example of which may be disputes arising during the execution of contracts binding players and football clubs. In the first part, the scope of disputes that are subject to ADR in association football is outlined. The next part presents legal solutions adopted under the Polish law in this respect, of which the activity of the Football Arbitration Court of the Polish Football Association is a particular example. The last chapter is devoted to the Ukrainian perspective on the resolution of disputes in association football.
EN
The purpose of the undertaken research was to assess the legitimacy of introducing a prohibition of compulsory mediation in cases of domestic violence. The provision of art. 48.1 of so-called the Istanbul Convention has imposed on States Parties (including Poland) an obligation to take the necessary legislative or other measures to prohibit mandatory alternative dispute resolution processes, including mediation and conciliation, in relation to all forms of violence covered by the scope of this Convention. Using the formal-dogmatic method, with particular emphasis on language and functional interpretation, an attempt was made to determine the scope of the competence standard encoded in this provision. The results of this study were confronted with the principles of mediation and Polish regulations in this area. The obtained results allowed for the formulation of a critical evaluation of the provision of art. 48.1 of the Convention.
PL
Celem podjętych badań była ocena zasadności wprowadzenia zakazu obowiązkowej mediacji w sprawach przemocy domowej. Analizie poddano przepis art. 48 ust. 1 tzw. konwencji stambulskiej, który nałożył na państwa-strony (w tym Polskę) obowiązek podjęcia koniecznych działań ustawodawczych lub innych zakazujących stosowania obowiązkowych alternatywnych procesów rozstrzygania sporów, w tym mediacji i rozstrzygnięć polubownych, w odniesieniu do wszelkich form przemocy objętych zakresem niniejszej konwencji. Przy wykorzystaniu metody formalno-dogmatycznej, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem wykładni językowej i funkcjonalnej, podjęto próbę ustalenia zakresu normy kompetencyjnej zakodowanej w niniejszym przepisie. Wyniki tak przeprowadzonego badania skonfrontowano z zasadami mediacji oraz polskimi regulacjami w tym obszarze. Otrzymane wyniki pozwoliły na sformułowanie krytycznej oceny przepisu art. 48 ust. 1 konwencji.
The Lawyer Quarterly
|
2018
|
vol. 8
|
issue 4
367-378
EN
The article introduces the basic principles of compensation for medical malpractice, mainly by means of a civil liability sytem, in the Czech Republic. It outlines the normative framework and illustrates its application in practice on selected case law of Czech courts. As the judicial system has both advantages and disadvantages, available alternatives to court proceedings are also discussed even if they tend to be uaed rather conservatively. Furthermore, the text presents changes to the law, including those already carried out by the relatively new Civil Code and some potential future developments, together with remarks about the overall legal context in which the system of compensation for harm from healthcare operates.
PL
Głównym celem tekstu jest scharakteryzowanie założeń oryginalnej praktyki prawniczej opartej na współpracy, określanej zazwyczaj mianem Collaborative Law. Dla realizacji przyjętego zadania w toku rozważań podjęto takie zagadnienia jak: 1) istota, zasady oraz ograniczenia pomocy prawnej, świadczonej w ramach Collaborative Law; 2) wybrane cechy praktyki prawniczej opartej na współpracy w ramach Collaborative Law; 3) główne różnice i podobieństwa pomiędzy Collaborative Law a mediacją. W podsumowanie zidentyfikowano preferowane kompetencje prawników świadczących pomoc prawną w ramach Collaborative Law, główne zalety takiej praktyki oraz istotne kwestie (w tym dylematy) etyczne, które mogą pojawić się podczas Collaborative Lawyering.
EN
The main aim of the paper is to characterize the assumptions of the original legal practice based on cooperation, usually referred to as collaborative law. In order to achieve this goal, the author considers the following issues: 1) the essence, principles and limitations of collaborative law; 2) selected features of collaborative practice; 3) the main differences and similarities between collaborative law and mediation. The conclusion of the article identifies the preferred competences of lawyers who practice collaborative law, the main advantages of such practice, and the important ethical issues (including dilemmas) that may arise during collaborative lawyering.
The Lawyer Quarterly
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2022
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vol. 12
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issue 2
113-127
EN
While the enforceability of arbitration clauses in consumer contracts, notably credit card contracts, has been well developed in some jurisdictions like the United States and the Czech Republic, the issue has not yet arisen in Kuwait, largely because the development of the credit card sector is relatively new, but, more importantly, because the arbitration system has generally been limited in practice to specific contexts that have not yet included consumer disputes in relation to credit cards. This article examines both the likelihood that Kuwaiti financial institutions will adopt pre-dispute mandatory arbitration clauses in credit card agreements in the near future, and the likelihood that those clauses, often significantly unfair to consumers, will be enforced under current Kuwaiti laws. It proposes amendments to relevant Kuwaiti legislation to mitigate the harshness of the enforcement of these clauses in the consumer credit card context and to provide greater balance between the interests of card issuers and cardholders.
EN
Aim. The main purpose of research presented in this article is to analyse mediation principles as an alternative way of dispute resolution and features of their application in the educational environment of Ukraine. For which purpose it was necessary to perform the following tasks: - the concept and role of mediation principles were studied; - certain types of mediation principles were defined; - the essence and significance of the most important mediation principles were revealed; - and the application of mediation principles in Ukraine was clarified. In Ukraine, civil society institutions have been trying on their own to introduce and promote mediation as a way of alternative dispute resolution. However, systemic problems of access to justice require finding other ways to resolve conflict situations. Mediation becomes especially relevant in the context of COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic, when access to the court system is limited. Methods. The study is based on the analysis of enacted regulations and their comparison in different countries, as well as information obtained from the study of literature, including works by authors of both legal and other social sciences where mediation is used as a means of compromise, including psychology, medicine, ecology, along with the use of tools and comments specific to the study of law. To study the prospects and effective application of mediation principles in the educational environment, sociological surveys of various participants of the educational process were conducted. Results. The results of study showed that certain types of mediation principles are applied in different countries taking into account the peculiarities of national legal systems. Notwithstanding, such principles as the rule of law, the principle of equality (equal rights) of the parties, the principle of voluntariness, confidentiality and mediator behaviour (independence and impartiality, trust and justice) are applied in most of the studied national models of mediation, consequently they can be called fundamental. The survey results have revealed the readiness of the educational environment to introduce mediation as a tool for resolving conflicts in the educational environment.  In Ukraine, the draft law “On Mediation” defines general principles of mediation; however, the problem is insufficiently clear criteria for disputes that cannot be transferred to mediation. In addition, the principle of the rule of law should be defined as one of the fundamental principles of mediation. Conclusions. The specifics of the implementation of mediation principles in Ukraine and their correlation with the principles of the judicial process require further research.  
PL
The publication focuses on regulating civil mediation in Polish and Italian legal system. The aim of the work is to contrast the model of voluntary mediation in Poland with obligatory mediations introduced in Italy. The study also presents the advantages of mediation as the best method of dispute resolution. The study analyzes attempts to encourage parties to participate in mediations that have been applied in the Polish Code of Civil Procedure. In addition, the purpose of the article is to analyze the possibility of introducing mandatory civil mediations in Poland.
EN
This article shows mediation as a basic method of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) to resolve conflicts in various spheres of social life. The author analyses Polish legal regulations with regard to mediation in administrative, court-administrative and civil cases. The considerations apply to two issues of general nature. Firstly, the subject/object scope of mediation in the above mentioned cases is compared. Secondly, basic principles of ADR, such as the principle of voluntariness, the principle of the mediator’s objectivity, the principle of non-disclosure and the principle of confidentiality are discussed. In the conclusions, special attention is drawn to similarities and differences in the above mentioned issues to be found in particular cases.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono mediację jako podstawową metodę alternatywnego rozwiązywania sporów prawnych (ADR), służącą rozwiązywaniu konfliktów w różnych sferach życia społecznego. Dokonano analizy polskich uregulowań prawnych dotyczących mediacji w sprawach administracyjnych, sądowoadministracyjnych oraz cywilnych. Rozważania dotyczą dwóch zagadnień natury ogólnej. Po pierwsze, porównano zakres przedmiotowo-podmiotowy zastosowania mediacji w ww. sprawach. Po drugie, omówiono podstawowe zasady dotyczące przedmiotowej metody ADR uregulowane normatywnie, tj. zasadę dobrowolności, zasadę bezstronności mediatora, zasadę braku jawności oraz zasadę poufności. W podsumowaniu zwrócono uwagę na podobieństwa i różnice występujące w ww. kwestiach w poszczególnych rodzajach spraw.
19
71%
EN
The judicial system was the starting point for the evolution of justice systems. The differentiation of social systems has led to a radical reconstruction of the conflicts as well as the methods, forms and techniques for resolving them. The result of this process was the deepening marginalization of the state in the process of administering justice and the growing importance of alternative dispute resolution methods. Negotiations, mediation and arbitration were in the mainstream settlement of social disputes. The judicial system itself began to be perceived by state organs as an ineffective instrument for resolving disputes, deprived of the function of deliberately shaping them and isolated from society. A new chapter in the shaping of justice systems began with the fourth industrial revolution. Its characteristic feature was the enrichment of the justice process with a component of artificial intelligence systems. The aim of this paper is to try to answer the question whether the direction of development of justice systems is to construct new systems based on partially or completely independent decisionmaking technologies?
PL
Punktem wyjścia ewolucji systemów wymiaru sprawiedliwości był system sądowy. Dyferencjacja systemów społecznych doprowadziła do radykalnej przebudowy samych konfliktów, jak i metod, form i technik ich rozstrzygania. Efektem tego procesu stała się pogłębiająca marginalizacja państwa w procesie sprawowania wymiaru sprawiedliwości i wzrost znaczenia alternatywnych metod rozwiązywania sporów. W głównym nurcie rozstrzygania sporów społecznych znalazły się negocjacje, mediacje i arbitraż. Sam zaś system sądowy zaczął być postrzegany przez organy państwa jako nieefektywny instrument rozwiązywania sporów, pozbawiony funkcji ich celowego kształtowania i wyizolowany od społeczeństwa. Nowy rozdział kształtowania się systemów wymiaru sprawiedliwości rozpoczęła czwarta rewolucja przemysłowa. Jej cechą charakterystyczną stało się wzbogacenie procesu sprawowania sprawiedliwości o komponent systemów sztucznej inteligencji. Celem niniejszego referatu jest próba odpowiedzi na pytanie czy kierunkiem rozwoju systemów wymiaru sprawiedliwości jest konstruowanie nowych systemów opartych o częściowo lub całkowicie niezależne technologie decyzyjne?
PL
Celem artykułu jest przeprowadzenie wstępnej analizy instytucji umowy o mediacje w kontekście prawa kolizyjnego. Szczególną uwagę poświęcono zagranicznej spółce kapitałowej będącej stroną umowy o mediacje z podmiotami prawa polskiego. Artykuł zawiera charakterystykę prawną umowy o mediację, która jest uregulowana w art. 183[1] kodeksu postępowania cywilnego. Przedstawiono w nim specyfikę spółki kapitałowej jako strony zawierającej umowę o mediację. Analiza uwzględnia regulacje prawa polskiego, w tym ustawę z 4 lutego 2011 r. – Prawo międzynarodowe prywatne oraz regulacje konwencji międzynarodowych i prawa Unii Europejskiej.
EN
The aim of this article is to carry out a preliminary analysis of the institution of the agreement for mediation in the context of conflict of laws. Particular attention was devoted to a foreign corporation, as a party to agreement for mediation with Polish legal entities. The article contains legal characterization of the agreement for mediation, which is governed by the Article 183[1] of Code of Civil Procedure. It presents the nature of corporation as contracting party for mediation. The analysis covers regulations of the Polish law, including the Act on Private international law of 4 February 2011, as well as international conventions and regulations of European Union law.
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