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1

Quasi-constitutional amendments as a solution for “constitutional changes” in countries with ethnic disputes. The case of Kosovo

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Balaj L., Muçaj F.

Data a výzkum - SDA Info (Data and Research - SDA Info)

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2023

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vol. 13

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issue 1

18-29

EN

As the title shows, this paper tries to answer the question of whether the reasons which are used for deviating from formal constitutional changes can also be related to ethnicity issues. Through a norm of a general constitutional nature, Kosovo has, through the constitution, included nonmajority communities in the process of amending the constitution, as a necessary element for creating the needed majority in order to go through with the amendment. This standard has led to several processes of amending the constitution having failed. The constitutional quasi-amendment, from what has been so far treated in constitutional theory and practice, has been seen as an opportunity to avoid formal constitutional changes for several different reasons. The authors who have dealt with the quasi-amendment distinguish some of the main reasons: the lack of political power to achieve the necessary majority for constitutional changes, the long procedural path of a constitutional amendment, especially in federal states, etc. The paper aims at bringing a study for a new reality, which highlights a new reason for using the constitutional quasi-amendment that has to do with countries where minority communities are involved in the process of constitutional changes. More specifically, this paper identifies the important role that the quasi-amendment plays in important changes of the constitutional structure, in cases where formal changes are blocked as a result of ethnic differences and disagreements. The constitutional quasi-amendment as treated by this paper has also found application in Kosovo, conditioned by the lack of a majority in the parliament for constitutional changes, circumstances which are conditioned by the ethnic factor that makes the procedures for changing the Kosovar constitution rigid.

2

Przepadek w znowelizowanym kodeksie karnym

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Błaszczyk M.

Studia Iuridica

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2016

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vol. 65

93-107

PL

Under the Act of 20 February 2015 – changing the Penal Code and some other acts, from 1 July 2015 the forfeiture has been removed from the catalogue of penalties – the art. 39 point 4 of the Penal Code was repealed – and also from the catalogue of security measures of an administrative nature – the wording of the art. 99 § 1 of the Penal Code has been changed, the art. 100 of the Penal Code has been repealed and its content has been transferred to the art. 49a of the Penal Code. Currently, the forfeiture is fully regulated in chapter Va of the Penal Code, entitled „Forfeiture and compensatory measures”. Changing the normative status of the forfeiture is not understood. I consider it as a mistake. This change was not associated with changes of the normative status of forfeiture in the Fiscal Penal Code and Code of Offences. Besides the changes concerning the status of the forfeiture which has obviously system nature under the amendment came to repeal the provisions of articles 44 § 8, 45 § 6 and art. 45 § 4 of the Penal Code. These were changes of organizational character. They were accompanied by changes in the provisions of the Executive Penal Code and Code of Criminal Procedure, which took over the content of the repealed provisions of the Penal Code. The wording of the art. 45 § 3 of the Penal Code regulating one of the legal presumptions relating to the forfeiture of financial benefits has been changed. This has increased the warranty standard of that provision.

3

Kontradyktoryjność w postępowaniu w sprawach o wykroczenia — założenia i praktyka

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Liżyńska K.

Nowa kodyfikacja prawa karnego

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2015

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vol. 37

123-134

EN

The basic assumption of the Act of 27 September 2013 amending the Act — Code of Criminal Procedure and some other acts was to make awidely understood criminal procedure, including the petty offencesprocedure more adversarial in character. The adversarial system in factsets apattern of mutual relations between partiesto the proceedings — the public prosecutor and the defendant — especially with regard to securing of equal opportunity to defend their rightsin impartial court. While an analysis of the criminal procedure indicates an actual increaseof its adversarial nature, in petty offencescasesthere can only be observed an ersatzof this process.

4

Instytucja warunkowego zawieszenia wykonania kary w świetle najnowszych zmian kodeksu karnego (z dnia 1 lipca 2015 r. oraz z dnia 15 kwietnia 2016 r.). Wybrane zagadnienia

100%

Syroka-Marczewska K.

Studia Iuridica

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2016

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vol. 65

141-158

PL

The conditional suspension of the execution of the penalty is regulated in the Chapter VIII of the Polish Penal Code. This article presents the current regulation on the subject which came into force on 1 July 2015 and on 15 April 2016. Highlighting the significance of these changes and discussing the rules in force which pertain to submitting the offender to probation, the author additionally points out to the challenges and doubts of the new regulation.

5

Nowelizacje kodeksu karnego w zakresie zatarcia skazania

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Zientara A.

Studia Iuridica

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2016

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vol. 65

189-202

PL

The article discusses and evaluates changes in the institution of the expungement introduced by the Act of 20th February 2015 and Act of 11th March 2016. The most important change includes shortening the deadlines for expungement to a fine and restriction of liberty. Moreover nowadays all penal measures stated for life may be recognized executed. This solution allows erasing such conviction.

6

Wykładnia art. 47 ust. 2 pkt 1 regulaminu Sejmu – tryb rozpatrywania poprawek w komisjach

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Chybalski P.

Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS

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2018

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issue 3(59)

45-49

EN

The analysis concerns the issue of whether a committee considering, based on the indicated provision, amendments submitted during the second reading, should vote on their acceptance or rejection separately for each amendment, or if it is possible, after consideration of the amendment, to automatically (without separate vote) draw a recommendation concerning other amendments, in case it is a logical consequence of acceptance or rejection of the former amendment. The author assessed that there are no obstacles to apply, at this stage of legislative work, per analogiam the institution of the third-reading voting applied in the first instance to the “most far-reaching amendments”, i.e. those whose adoption or rejection determines decision concerning other amendments.

7

Opinia prawna na temat postępowania z projektem ustawy podczas prac komisyjnych między pierwszym i drugim czytaniem

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Gierach E.

Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS

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2015

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issue 3(47)

73-77

EN

On the basis of a particular bill, the author analyses the possibility of continuing work on that bill even if the title of the act has not been approved in voting. She also examines admissibility of recognition as an amendment of a proposal having the same wording as the title rejected in the vote. In the author’s view, due to the principles of effectiveness and efficiency of legislative work and, above all, due to the lack of specific regulation in this respect, numerous issues concerning the committee stage of legislative process can be resolved in accordance with parliamentary practice, and the committee has high level of autonomy in this area. For these reasons, the author allows the possibility of submission of the above-mentioned amendments and taking a stance on them.

8

Postulowane zmiany Konstytucji Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej w dobie europeizacji

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Żak J.

Prawo

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2015

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issue 317

161 - 177

EN

Consequences of the link between national legal systems and the EU system, inter alia changes of parliament’s competences, expanded scope of parliamentary control, increase in executive’s importance within the EU area, decentralization within the scope of conducting foreign policy reveals the potential direction of constitutional amendments. The phenomenon of Europeanization, which may be defined as a process of intertwining of EU regulations and national constitutional regulations having source in constitutional norms authorizing the transfer of certain competences of public authorities to the EU and the constitutional obligation to observe international law in such a way that the EU regulations (within the scope of transferred competences) determine the amendments to the national constitutional norms” concerns also the Constitution of the Republic of Poland. These considerations aim to identify the most common and modern tendencies in this regard including the shape of national constitutional regulations. Proposed amendments to the Constitution of Poland regarding membership in the EU are evaluated with regards to the actual needs of Polish legal system. In conclusion I admitted that they are strongly justified but not indispensable. Their “programme” function is prevailing over others and at the same time determines the whole legal system that adopts EU models almost automatically.

9

Share capital in a limited liability company – an effective form of creditor protection?

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Kotowicz M.

Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review

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2014

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vol. 3

25-35

PL

This article deals with a draft bill amending the Code of Commercial Companies and the ongoing debate on the planned amendment which includes a proposal to remove a fixed minimum of share capital in limited liability companies. The most important issue under consideration in this paper is the protection of a company’s creditors. The author of the following article, referring to a number of already published statements concerning the draft bill, summarizes the ongoing discussion about the role and the functions of share capital and the proposed new instruments for strengthening creditors’ protection.

10

Projekt ustawy o zmianie Konstytucji RP w zakresie ochrony lasów państwowych

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Szmyt A.

Przegląd Sejmowy

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2015

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issue 3(128)

9-25

EN

This article deals with the proposal of constitutional amendment submitted in 2014 (A bill to amend the Constitution, Sejm Paper No. 2374), to rule out ownership transformation of state forests. The author examines the merits of the proposal, emphasizing their groundlessness. He also provides an analysis of the organizational and procedural aspects of the work, which appeared in the course of the proceedings in the Sejm.

11

Ustawa o Trybunale Konstytucyjnym z 1997 roku. Geneza i ewolucja przepisów

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Szymanek J.

Przegląd Sejmowy

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2017

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issue 5(142)

73–107

EN

The article provides an analysis of the origins and subsequent evolution of the provisions of the Constitutional Court Act of 1 August 1997. The starting point for the presented comments is the submission to the Sejm in 1996 of a the Constitutional Tribunal Bill. With the adoption by the National Assembly of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland on April 2, 1997 the said bill became irrelevant. At that time, it was decided that the original bill should be adapted to the requirements of the new constitution, by transforming the proposed law into an act implementing the constitution. The bill, containing a number of legislative innovations as compared to the existing legal framework (e.g. a constitutional complaint and granting the Tribunal the jurisdiction over international agreements), was passed on 1 August 1997 and was amended many times thereafter. The author examines the subsequent amendments, introducing minor changes in the legislation. He also presents the proposed amendments to the 1997 Act that were not adopted. The said Act was fi nally repealed as a consequence of the adoption of a completely new Constitutional Tribunal Act on 25 June 2015. The conclusion of the article is that the issues that had arisen in the context of the application of the Act of 2015 were not at all innovative or unprecedented. Many of them were already addressed in earlier legislative work and, importantly, many of them were well known to those involved in the legislative process. In the autumn of 2015 (and later), the issues that had already raised doubts and concerns over the 1997 Act were reopened, including the right of the Sejm of the expiring term to elect new judges of the Tribunal; the issue of the term of offi ce of the President and Vice-President of the Tribunal and the mechanism of their appointment by the President of the Republic of Poland; the procedure for the selection of constitutional judges with defi nition of the role of the Sejm, the President of the Republic of Poland and, possibly, other actors and, fi nally, the rules of procedure of the Tribunal, including, in particular, the issue of compositions of benches smaller than a full one.

12

Opinia prawna na temat obowiązku ponownej notyfikacji projektu ustawy o wyrobach budowlanych oraz ustawy – Prawo budowlane w związku z poprawkami zgłoszonymi w toku postępowania ustawodawczego

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Cieślik Z.

Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS

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2014

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issue 4(44)

97-101

EN

The article emphasizes that if the amendments submitted by the Deputies during the work of the Subcommittee are introduced to the bill, it should be subject to re-notification. The amendments discussed in the opinion are technical regulations within the meaning of Directive 98/34/EC and, therefore, are subject to the procedure referred to in Article. 8 (1) of the Directive.

13

Europejskie prawo zamówień publicznych – kierunki zmian przepisów

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Panasiuk A.

Kontrola Państwowa

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2013

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vol. 58

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issue 5 (352)

133-147

EN

Public procurement in the European Union is regarded as one of the most important instruments for influencing the economies of individual Member States. Without public procurement, states could not have well-developed road, railway nor municipal infrastructure. Hence, the knowledge of public procurement regulations is of high importance. National regulations in the field are defined by European regulations, therefore new solutions have to be introduced at the national level with every amendment at the level of the EU. In his article, the author presents the direction of changes of the package of directives that coordinate the procedures for public procurement granting, both with regard to standard and sector procurement.

14

Nowe granice obrony koniecznej? Uwagi na tle nowelizacji Kodeksu karnego z 8 grudnia 2017 roku

89%

Kluza J.

Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny

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2018

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vol. 80

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issue 3

87-96

EN

The article presents problems arising from the amendment to the Penal Code regarding the extension of the borders of defence of necessity. The amendment is aimed at limiting the criminal liability of the victim defending himself or herself against the assailant when the attack takes place in his or her place of residence. The article presents the reasons for the application of the introduction of this new provision, discusses it and points out the doubts that may arise in its context.

PL

Artykuł przedstawia problematykę związaną z nowelizacją Kodeksu karnego dotyczącą rozszerzenia granic obrony koniecznej. Dokonana nowela ma na celu ograniczenie odpowiedzialności karnej broniącego się pokrzywdzonego przed napastnikiem, gdy do zamachu dochodzi w jego miejscu zamieszania. W artykule zaprezentowano przesłanki stosowania nowego przepisu, omówiono go oraz wskazano wątpliwości mogące pojawić się na jego tle.

15

Mediator w postępowaniu administracyjnym

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Trybka W.

Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne

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2018

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vol. 16

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issue 1 (4)

117-131

PL

Amending the Code of Administrative Procedure, the legislator decided to introduce the possibility of conducting mediation proceedings. A mediator may be a natural person who has full legal capacity and exercises full civil rights. The mediator’s role is to ensure the conduct of the mediation process. They have the responsibility to stimulate the initiative of the parties by means of appropriate mediation techniques, as well as to create an appropriate climate of conversation, based on mutual trust and respect. The mediator uses procedural rights, which include: the right to read the case files and the right to remuneration and reimbursement of expenses related to mediation. The Code of Administrative Procedure also imposes procedural obligations on the mediator: it must maintain impartiality in the conduct of mediation and draw up a report on mediation. Participants in the mediation are also parties of the administrative proceedings and a public administration body. The task of the public administration body is to determine whether the arrangements made by the parties with the participation of the mediator fall within the scope of the generally applicable law.

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Artykuł 145a § 1 ustawy — Prawo o postępowaniu przed sądami administracyjnymi jako podstawa do wydania wyroku przesądzającego merytorycznie o sposobie rozstrzygnięcia lub załatwienia sprawy administracyjnej

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Szczurek K.

Prawo

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2016

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issue 320

151-164

EN

The publication deals with Art. 145a § 1 of the Law on Proceedings Before Administrative Courts, introduced with the amendment of 9 April 2015. Article 145a § 1 of the Law on Proceedings Before Administrative Courts gives the administrative courts a power to impose on public administration bodies an obligation to issue a decision or a resolution of a specific content in a set time. Hence, a judgment of an administrative court based on the new regulation has an indirect character of a decision on merits. Although the judgment does not substitute an administrative act, it offers binding requirements for the contents of the administrative act and a set date for its issuance. The aim of this publication is to analyse the prerequisites of applying the new regulation and the manner in which the new regulation has been applied by the administrative courts up to date. The analysis then turns to de lege lata conclusions. The considerations also touch upon the problem of compliance of the new regulation with Polish Constitution. In spite of some critical voices, the new regulation should be positively assessed in terms of its realisation of the rule of procedural economy and for safeguarding the individuals’ legitimate interests through speeding up the possibility of obtaining a substantive administrative decision. There is, however, a need for a more frequent application of the new regulation by administrative courts.

17

Charakter prawny instytucji przepadku po zmianach nowelizacyjnych wprowadzonych do Kodeksu karnego ustawą z dnia 20 lutego 2015 r.

88%

Płońska A.

Nowa kodyfikacja prawa karnego

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2015

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vol. 37

91-101

EN

The article is devoted to the analysis of a structural change made to the regulations of the Criminal Code under the Amendment Act dated 20th February 2015, which is based on the exclusion of forfeiture from the catalog of penal measures, which gave it a distinct legal characterThe legislature repealed Article 44 § 8 CC relating to the transition of the ownership of forfeiture objects to the State Treasury, amended Article 45 § 3 CC, repealing § 4 and § 6 and added Article 45a CC. In light of these changes, the author explains the basic concepts and discusses the current conditions of forfeiture.

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AMENDMENT OF ARTICLE 209 OF THE PENAL CODE - LEGAL AND PRACTICAL ASPECTS

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Olek I.

Przegląd Policyjny

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2019

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vol. 135(3)

244-256

EN

This article considers the legal and practical aspects of the amendment to Article 209 of the Penal Code, which provides for liability for evading maintenance obligations, determined by the number of court orders, settlements and other agreements. The necessity to change the regulations was justifi ed by the low recoverability of maintenance arrears and the relatively small number of indictments made against the perpetrators of these acts. The crime of not paying child maintenance is socially burdensome and generates signifi cant expenses from the state budget. The legislator, justifying the draft law, considered that its amendment would temporarily increase the burden of law enforcement, but the author cites arguments that this increase will be permanent and will affect not only the prosecutor’s offi ce and the police, but also other institutions which will be required to report information about the offender. However, for over a year after the introduction of the amendment, the authorities conducting preparatory proceedings have been overburdened. In addition, imprecise regulations are diffi cult to interpret and put into practice. The study also addresses the issues of new institutions enabling the perpetrator to avoid liability for the act committed in connection with the payment of all maintenance arrears and the current penalties, as well as the features of both the basic and qualifi ed types of the crime.

19

Wybrane zagadnienia postępowania dowodowego – znowelizowana ustawa o Najwyższej Izbie Kontroli

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Robaczyński W.

Kontrola Państwowa

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2013

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vol. 58

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issue 6 (353)

8-23

EN

The amendments to the Act on the Supreme Audit Office – despite numerous significant changes – are not as deep with regard to the evidence proceedings as, for instance, with regard to examination of reservations. The regulations that were in force before proved, in the majority of cases, to work well in practice. It is rightly observed that, due to the lack of revolutionary changes in this respect, the practice developed so far in the use of evidence sources and evidence measures is still valid. However, some corrections were necessary, especially with a view to improving evidence procedures. The changes introduced in this area are usually well received, both by audit practitioners and authors of literature on the topic.

20

Nowelizacja procedury administracyjnej - Wybrane zmiany

88%

Byczkowski F.

Kontrola Państwowa

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2018

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vol. 63

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issue 2 (379)

114-131

EN

The largest – since 1990 – amendment of the administrative procedure entered into force on 1st June 2017. It was part of the “100 Changes for Companies – A Facilitation Package for Enterpreneurs” (Polish: 100 zmian dla firm – Pakiet ułatwień dla przedsiębiorców) elaborated by the Ministry of Development. The amendment has introduced many new legal institutions that change not only the manner of the administrative procedure, but its very philosophy as well. The article attempts to evaluate the new solutions and adopted changes, as well as to present the problematic areas still present in the Code of Administrative Procedure, including de lege ferenda proposals.

Refine search results

Quasi-constitutional amendments as a solution for “constitutional changes” in countries with ethnic disputes. The case of Kosovo

Przepadek w znowelizowanym kodeksie karnym

Kontradyktoryjność w postępowaniu w sprawach o wykroczenia — założenia i praktyka

Instytucja warunkowego zawieszenia wykonania kary w świetle najnowszych zmian kodeksu karnego (z dnia 1 lipca 2015 r. oraz z dnia 15 kwietnia 2016 r.). Wybrane zagadnienia

Nowelizacje kodeksu karnego w zakresie zatarcia skazania

Wykładnia art. 47 ust. 2 pkt 1 regulaminu Sejmu – tryb rozpatrywania poprawek w komisjach

Opinia prawna na temat postępowania z projektem ustawy podczas prac komisyjnych między pierwszym i drugim czytaniem

Postulowane zmiany Konstytucji Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej w dobie europeizacji

Share capital in a limited liability company – an effective form of creditor protection?

Projekt ustawy o zmianie Konstytucji RP w zakresie ochrony lasów państwowych

Ustawa o Trybunale Konstytucyjnym z 1997 roku. Geneza i ewolucja przepisów

Opinia prawna na temat obowiązku ponownej notyfikacji projektu ustawy o wyrobach budowlanych oraz ustawy – Prawo budowlane w związku z poprawkami zgłoszonymi w toku postępowania ustawodawczego

Europejskie prawo zamówień publicznych – kierunki zmian przepisów

Nowe granice obrony koniecznej? Uwagi na tle nowelizacji Kodeksu karnego z 8 grudnia 2017 roku

Mediator w postępowaniu administracyjnym

Artykuł 145a § 1 ustawy — Prawo o postępowaniu przed sądami administracyjnymi jako podstawa do wydania wyroku przesądzającego merytorycznie o sposobie rozstrzygnięcia lub załatwienia sprawy administracyjnej