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EN
Pilgriming is generally understood as a kind of motivational, religious mowing to “saint places” revived by the atonement intention (to rarely thankful) for God given goodness, which is subjectively believed to be meaningful. In thereby in­terpretation, only visible aspect comes to the foreground, without getting into its theological proof. In hereby elaboration, however, the topic of theological issue is touched upon, not in a sense of a detailed meaning of the notion, but by showing the historical determinations conditioning the way of understanding the notion. In Christian bastion of the discussed phenomenon is the Middle East, from where the solutions have been transferred to the West, in somewhat different cate­gories. The transfer, both in theory and in practice, could be possible only due to people’s engagement, who were fascinated with the eastern spirituality. Some of the famous names, who could be distinguished are Jerome, John Cassian or Melania the Elder, the most active figures. The idea of pilgrimage transferred to the west, hasn’t been, clearly, intact in its form, but exposed to, based on different local accents, evolutionary changes. It is shown in interpretation changes applied, in reference to the notion of peregrina­tio, inland and in the British Isles.
Vox Patrum
|
1987
|
vol. 12
247-259
IT
La meditazione elaborata negli ambienti anacoretici assunse il significato di recitare a voce bassa, ed aveva come soggetto la parola di Dio.
EN
The anchoretic trend in Cistercian spirituality has always been the subject of many studies. Cistercian anchoritism has been analysed by researchers such as George Duby, Terryl Kinder, Janet Burton and Julie Krery, Mette Bruun and Emilia Jamroziak. Exordium parvum and Vita Sancti Bernardi are basic sources containing key information on the origins of the Cistercian order. They describe the departure of Robert of Molesme and his group as a journey to the wilderness (ad eremum) in order to find better conditions for practising the rule of St. Benedict and following forefathers – Egyptian monks. Clairvaux II, Pontigny and Fontenay – first Burgundian churches of the Cistercians took form of a three-nave basilica with a transept (1130–1160). The temples were supposed to provide the best setting for contemplation. The so-called “Bernardine plan” was applied in the second generation of Cistercian churches, e.g. Fossanova, San Galgano, Casamari, Arabona, Haina (1148–1180). However, the plan was not the only architectural solution concerning Cistercian churches. There were also transept churches containing a presbytery culminated with a straight wall, surrounded with an ambulatory: Morimond, Ebrach, Ridaghshausen, Lubiąż; churches with an apsidal enclosure: Altzella, Sittich/Stiĉna,Valbuena, Huerta, Floran, Faleri or churches with multi-sided cathedral presbytery with an ambulatory and a circle of chapels: Ourscamp, Veruela, Poblet in the period from 1140 to 1180, Alcobaça, Vaucelle, Longpont, Royaumont, Varhem or Altenberg in the period from 1180 to 1240. Terryl Kinder and Megan Cassidy noticed the key factor shaping the significance of the Cistercian church space – the light. An important aspect of anchoritism is lectio divina, in which a monk finds himself in a kind of spiritual desert, facing the Word on his own. A consequence of such attitude in spiritual warfare as expressed in a number of miniatures depicting human struggle with a threatening beast in Cistercian codexes – Commantarii in Danielem by St. Hieronymus (Dijon, Bibliothèque Municipale 132), Moralia In Iob by St. Gregory the Great (Dijon, Bibliothèque Municipale, 168), (Dijon, Bibliothèque Municipale, 173). An exceptional message is found in the initial A(d te levavi) on a Cistercian gradual from Kamieniec (Wrocław University Library, IF 411), presenting the biblical figure David playing music and a kneeling monk with his arms raised.
PL
Nurt anachorecki w duchowości cysterskiej był przedmiotem rozważań wielu badaczy. Cysterskiemu pustelnictwu uwagę poświecili George Duby, Terryl Kinder, Janet Burton i Julie Krery, Mette Bruun i Emilia Jamroziak. Podstawowymi źródłami do odczytania początków zakony cysterskiego są Exordium parvum oraz Vita Sancti Bernardi. Opisują one odejście Roberta z Molesme i jego grupy jako udanie się na pustynię (ad eremum) w celu znalezienia lepszych warunków wiernego praktykowania reguły św. Benedykta i naśladowania ojców – mnichów egipskich. Pierwsze, burgundzkie świątynie cystersów – Clairvaux II, Pontigny, Fontenay, przybierały formę trójnawowej bazyliki z transeptem (1130–1160). One miały ustanawiać kształt świątyni najlepiej sprzyjający kontemplacji. Plan, zwany roboczo bernardyńskim, stosowany był w drugiej generacji świątyń cysterskich – Fossanova, San Galgano, Casamari, Arabona, Haina (1148–1180). Jednakże plan ten nie był jedynym architektonicznym rozwiązaniem cysterskim. Pojawiły się również kościoły transeptowe z prostym zamknięciem prezbiterium okalającym obejście – Morimond, Ebrach, Ridaghshausen, Lubiąż, kościoły z zamknięciem absydialnym – Altzella, Sittich/Stiĉna,Valbuena, Huerta, Floran, Faleri, czy kościoły o wielobocznym prezbiterium katedralnym z obejściem i wieńcem kaplic – Ourscamp, Veruela, Poblet w okresie 1140–1180, Alcobaça, Vaucelle, Longpont, Royaumont, Varhem czy Altenbergu w okresie 1180–1240. Terryl Kinder i Megan Cassidy dostrzegły zasadniczy czynnik kształtujący znaczenie cysterskiej przestrzeni kościelnej – światło. Ważnym aspektem anachoretyzmu jest lectio divina, w którym mnich znajduje się na swego rodzaju pustyni duchowej, stając sam na sam wobec Słowa. Konsekwencją tej postawy jest walka duchowa wyrażana w szeregu miniatur ukazujących zmaganie człowieka z zagrażającą bestią w kodeksach cysterskich – Commantarii in Danielem św. Hieronima (Dijon, Bibliothèque Municipale 132), Moralia In Iob św. Grzegorza Wielkiego (Dijon, Bibliothèque Municipale, 168), (Dijon, Bibliothèque Municipale, 173). Wyjątkową treść niesie inicjał A(d te levavi) cysterskiego graduału z Kamieńca (Wrocław, Biblioteka Uniwersytecka IF 411), który przedstawia scenę walki, muzykującego Dawida oraz klęczącego i wznoszącego ręce mnicha.
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