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EN
Science is everywhere, it is part of every feature of our lives and it is known that plays an important role in influencing the activities of human beings. However there is a worldwide declining interest in the field. Herein we propose methods: analogies and metaphors, correlating science with everyday life, the role of science in daily life – to improve the way teachers explain scientific topics in order to help attract the attention of students to science. The use of these methods have already been effectively used in many countries, where students are being able to comprehend difficult and tricky subjects in a clear, understandable manner.
EN
In the Phaedrus and Seventh Letter, Plato says the spoken word is much more important than the written word. Plato’s dialogues have been discussed for 2400 years. The Founders of the International Society for Universal Dialogue describe philosophy as a universal dialogue. Particularly in this era of a decline in democratic societies, discussing Plato’s dialogues can educate us about how to preserve, and how to lose, free and open societies. Plato was born at the end of the “Golden Age” of Athens. By the time he was 30, Athens had destroyed itself. Abuses in the economic system, the military, the medical community, the legal profession, the political community, the arts and in education led to social instability and the election of a dictator, in the name of a return to “traditional” values. Plato wants us to discuss analogies with our own societies.
EN
Administrative law is regarded as a detailed regulation of matters covered by constitutional law. Administration is often seen as the executive branch of government. Sometimes, however, administrative law is also applied to the judiciary. The basic criteria of separation between constitutional and administrative law are the formal and the material criteria, yet the widely understood social criteria, including historical and sociological issues, are also of great importance.
PL
Prawo administracyjne uważane jest za uszczegółowienie części prawa konstytucyjnego zajmującej się władzą wykonawczą. Niekiedy jednak prawo administracyjne dotyczy również władzy sądowniczej, poza tym część norm prawa administracyjnego jest powtórzeniem norm prawa konstytucyjnego. Za podstawowe kryteria rozdziału prawa konstytucyjnego i administracyjnego można uznać kryterium formalne i kryterium materialne, przy czym wielkie znaczenie ma także szeroko rozumiane kryterium społeczne, obejmujące zagadnienia historyczne i socjologiczne.
EN
The widespread use of thought experiments in philosophy has made thought experiments themselves an increasingly common subject of philosophical analysis. Different authors, starting from various epistemological and metaphysical assumptions, have proposed a variety of views on the nature of thought experiments. The purpose of this paper is a critical analysis of these positions. In the first, I give a general characterization of thought experiments assuming the similarity of thought experiments and real experiments. In the second part, I discuss the typologizations of thought experiments present in the literature. In the third part, I present six concepts of thought experiment.
PL
Powszechność stosowania eksperymentów myślowych w filozofii sprawia, że same eksperymenty myślowe stają się coraz częstszym przedmiotem filozoficznych analiz. Różni autorzy, wychodząc od rozmaitych epistemologicznych i metafizycznych założeń, proponowali rozmaite poglądy na naturę eksperymentów myślowych. Moim celem jest krytyczna analiza tych stanowisk. W pierwszej części artykułu podaję ogólną charakterystykę eksperymentów myślowych, zakładając podobieństwo eksperymentów myślowych i eksperymentów rzeczywistych. W drugiej części omawiam obecne w literaturze propozycje typologizacji eksperymentów myślowych. W trzeciej części przedstawiam sześć stanowisk dotyczących natury eksperymentu myślowego.
EN
This study examines Nazi comparisons and Nazi metaphors (NS-V/M) based on linguistical clas- sifications and quantitative as well as qualitative methodological approaches. A corpus analysis consisting of 10.235 e-mails, that were addressed to the Embassy of Israel in Berlin and the Central Council of Jews in Germany between 2002 and 2014, reveals a result of 945 (9.2 %) texts including antisemitic NS-V/M. In an equal frequency, these utterances address both institutions and they are continuously being sent during periods of military escalations in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict as well as during times of (military) de-escalation. Producers verbalize NS-V/M predominantly by using different lexical comparison indicators rather than typical comparative connectives. In addition, they use Nazi vocabulary to express the reversal of perpetrators and victims. Analogies which are manifested in metaphorical forms are either expressed as predicative metaphors or as compound metaphors.
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