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EN
Zombies and the tropes that surround them have become a staple of popular culture and a familiar presence in movies, television series, graphic novels, and video games. From their Caribbean folklore origins, the undead are palimpsestic metaphors for social issues and cultural anxieties. This article examines the rarely studied tensions between apocalyptic desires to resurrect narrative stability through monstrous bodies and postmodern voices that utilize zombies to decompose societal conventions. Despite this supposed antagonism, the article suggests that zombies amalgamate these contrasting mindsets by assuming a role of pop-cultural mediators that bridge the gap between increasingly divisive cultural epistemologies.
EN
The outbreak and Balkan and Anatolian trajectories of the rebellions of Borkluce Mustafa and Sheikh Bedreddin in 1416 still pose a series of religio-historic problems which still do not allow a satisfactory and detailed reconstruction of their chronology. Widening the investigation of the source base for these uprisings and their following remains a crucial desideratum for a better understanding of the turbulent period of the Ottoman interregnum and the Ottoman-Byzantine transition in eastern Anatolia in the early fifteenth century. Apart from the social and political features of the rebellions (which have been treated in a variety of contrasting ideological and methodological frameworks, their striking religious dimension has been also increasingly attracting scholarly and general attention. Earlier and recent research on the Ottoman interregnum period have occasionally advanced arguments for the active participation of Christian heretical groups, whether Christian dualist (Bogomil or Paulician) or radical apocalyptic insurgents of Eastern or Western Christian provenance. Drawing on new advances in research on religious trends in the late Byzantine and Balkan Orthodox and early Ottoman religious life and inter-religious contacts, the paper will offer an reassessment of the evidence of such proposed Christian heretical presence in the uprisings, while also exploring other venues for the provenance of their religious and trans-confessional underpinnings.
EN
The article analyzes the motif of divine wrath in Rom 1:18-32. The author starts with a survey of the recent proponents of the “apocalyptic Paul” (Albert Schweitzer, Ernst Käsemann, J. Christiaan Beker, Douglas Campbell, N.T. Wright et al.). Next, the basic elements of the apocalyptic language in Rom 1:18-32 are scrutinized: the idea of revelation (ἀποκαλύπτ-), God’s sovereign rule over the world (παραδίδωμι), and God’s saving wrath (ὀργή). The author then demonstrates the place and the dynamics of Rom 1:18-32 within the context of the Pauline argumentation of Rom 1–4. The paper concludes with a concise presentation of the idea of divine wrath as found in the Old Testament and in Jewish and Greco-Roman literature, which allows us to appreciate the novelty and apocalyptic dimension of God’s wrath in Paul.
PL
Artykuł analizuje motyw gniewu Bożego w Rz 1,18-32. Autor wychodzi od przeglądu publikacji biblistów prezentujących „apokaliptycznego Pawła” (Albert Schweitzer, Ernst Käsemann, J. Christiaan Beker, Douglas Campbell, N.T. Wright). Następnie prześwietlone zostają podstawowe elementy apokaliptycznego języka w Rz 1,18-32: idea objawienia (ἀποκαλύπτ-), władzy Boga nad światem (παραδίδωμι) oraz Jego zbawczego gniewu (ὀργή). Dalej autor ukazuje miejsce i dynamikę tekstu Rz 1,18-32 w kontekście argumentacji Pawła w Rz 1–4. Artykuł kończy zwięzła prezentacja idei gniewu Bożego w Starym Testamencie, literaturze żydowskiej i grecko-rzymskiej, co pozwala na odkrycie nowości oraz apokaliptycznego wymiaru Bożego gniewu u Pawła.
PL
Artykuł prezentuje zarys treści czteroletniego kursu na studiach doktoranckich i podyplomowych, którego kanwę stanowi teoria mimetyczna Girarda spajająca wykłady z antropologii, teologii biblijnej i dogmatyki. Na pierwszym roku podejmowane są zagadnie‑ nia początków Izraela, następnie okres Drugiej Świątyni, na trzecim – synoptyczne i Pawłowe ujęcie nowości Jezusa Chrystusa, na czwartym – Janowa wizja zbawienia człowieka. Ponadto, po ogólnym wprowadzeniu, w ciągu trzech kolejnych lat Autorzy kursu korzystają z trójfunkcyjnej hipotezy Georgesa Dumézila dotyczącej kultury europejskiej, rozważając kryzys w świecie idei, kwestię przywództwa oraz konkretną, duszpasterską pomoc. Mimetyczna interpretacja wszystkich sakramentów z Eucharystią w centrum przynosi świeże spojrzenie na sprawy pastoralne i duchowe.
EN
The article presents the subject of a four‑year course, postgraduate and doctoral course, whose matrix is constituted by Girard’s mimetic theory, linking lectures in anthropology, biblical and dogmatic theology. The first year discusses the origin of Israel, then the Second Temple period, in the third year synoptic and Paulinian views of Christ’s innovation are treated, and in the fourth year – Johanine vision of man’s salvation. Moreover, the authors of the course use the trifunctional hypothesis of Georges Dumézil on the European culture to analyse the ideological crisis, the issue of leadership, and concrete, pastoral care. The mimetic interpretation of all sacraments with the Eucharist in the centre brings forth a fresh view on pastoral and spiritual matters.
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