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1

Arbitrażowe ograniczenia i właściwości cen opcji. Analiza empiryczna

100%
Węgrzyn R.
Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Krakowie
|
2011
|
issue 864
115-128
EN
Arbitration measures are recognised as a powerful market force which leads to particular price relations. However, deviation from the appropriate relations is often observed in practice, which leads us to take a closer look at them as they play out in the Polish market. The article presents the results of empirical analysis of the limitations and properties of option prices resulting from the use of arbitration. Particular attention is given the deviations from the appropriate price relations of call and put options as well as the mutual relationships of the prices of these options. A detailed analysis has been subjected to the European call and put options on the WIG20 index, which are traded on the Warsaw Stock Exchange. Considering dividend payments, the turnover of options and the situation on the stock exchange, the prices of March options that were established from 3.12.2007 to 20.03.2008 were chosen for the analysis.
2
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The validity and time-horizon of the Fed model for equity valuation: a co-integration approach

80%
Mercier F.
Journal of Banking and Financial Economics
|
2015
|
issue 1(3)
24-49
EN
Investors do arbitrage between bonds and stocks. The so-called “Fed model” asserts that comparing the level of the earnings yields of stocks to the nominal government bond yields is relevant when assessing the relative values of the two asset classes, and their prospective returns. A conceptual problem with this model is that it compares a real quantity, the earning yield, to a nominal one, the government bond yield, thus implying that economic agents suffer from money-illusion. The merits of the Fed model as an indicator of stock returns is still very controversial. In this article we try to quantify the scope of the Fed model by employing appropriate techniques of co-integration to validate, or invalidate, the Fed model. More precisely, we study the validity of the model geographically and using different frequencies in order to determine its potential time horizon. We obtain the following results. First, the Fed model is very limited in scope and in time: of the 21 pairs of countries and stock exchange indices tested, only three are potential candidates for the Fed model: the US, Italy and Mexico; in the US, the Standard and Poor’s 500 confirms the model, but only from 1980 to 2000. Second, for the Standard and Poor’s 500 from 1980 to 2000 the validity of the Fed model is confirmed, for a time horizon of one week or more for predicting the earning yield on stocks and a time horizon of one month or more for the nominal yield on bonds. Third, from 2000 onwards the long-term relationship between earning yields and nominal bond yields becomes inverted, and the Fed long-term relationship does not help predict any of the two variables compared to a simple vector autoregressive model (VAR). Overall, the evidence for the relevance of a linear long-term relationship between nominal US bonds yields level and the earnings ratio of broad stock indexes appears very weak, even when this relationship is allowed to vary over time, with a structural break somewhere in 2000 with an inversion of the relationship. In most cases, assuming and estimating a possible long-term relationship between earning yields and nominal bond yields does not improve the forecasts as short-term dynamics dominate.
3
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Adam Smith's conceptual contributions to international economics: Based on the Wealth of Nations

70%
Kucukaksoy I.
Business and Economic Horizons
|
2011
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vol. 4
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issue 1
108-119
EN
The 1776 dated “Wealth of Nations” work of Adam Smith has formed economic dimension of the Industrial Revolution and also transformed economics into the identity of a social science. As if the wealth of nations, namely the welfare increase became the top goal two and a half centuries ago, it is the top goal today and in the future as well. So understanding Smith’s works well carries importance in fighting against poverty in the world. According to Smith, in the basis of the welfare increases (wealth of nations) are labor and cooperation. Tendency underlying cooperation is the tendency of swap. It is considered that understanding Smith’s works well will provide solution for poor countries and therefore contribute to poor population in the world to decrease. For solving poverty and problems concerning welfare (destitution, hunger, etc.), Smith’s works need more historic examination. In this study it was aimed to contribute to the given examination
4
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Contract of Arbitrage in the Domestic Regulations on the Examples of Poland and France

70%
Bocianowska J., Ciszewski M.
Cybersecurity and Law
|
2024
|
vol. 12
|
issue 2
219-233
EN
Arbitration represents a desirable alternative dispute resolution in the realities of modern economically developed countries. Whereas the arbitrage contract is the realisation of this possibility. Submission to arbitration by the parties – in other words signing an arbitrage contract, constitutes de facto the only way to exclude the potential dispute from under the jurisdiction of common courts. It is particularly important in commercial proceedings as it may significantly influence the swiftness of the process due to its flexibility, costs and speed of the proceedings.
5

The primer on arbitrage conceptions in economics: their logics, roots and some formal models (historical and bibliographical notes)

61%
Rybicki W.
Mathematical Economics
|
2011
|
issue 7 (14)
173-197
EN
The paper makes up the first part of a larger study devoted to arbitrage ideas, models and pricing methodology in spirit of “no arbitrage” (or fairness or transparency) demands.The work – as a whole – is entitled “Arbitrage in Economics and Elsewhere – Facts Well Known and Less Known” and consists of three papers. In the present essay we intentionally interweave “loose (informal) variations on themes” (of arbitrage theories, their applications and connotations) with (brief) demonstrations of selected formal models and some more rigorous mathematical technicalities. Some efforts are made to highlight significant economic aspects as well as to reveal a piece of mathematical “machinery” hidden behind the stories told. Nevertheless, the introductory character of the current paper causes the descriptive, philosophical and historical elements to prevail: we invoke very old roots such as Aristotle‟s or Aquinata‟s thoughts and then follow Cournot, Walras and Keynes works, up to the crucial paper of Miller, Modigliani. Along the way the very deep considerations on the coherency of subjective probability systems are mentioned – “the probabilistic core” of an arbitrage/no arbitrage questions (thoughts of Ramsey and de Finetti). Subsequently, the basics (finite state-space) of the modern, martingale (no arbitrage) modeling (originated by Harrison, Kreps, Pliska) is presented, as well as the “factor-type” schema of the arbitrage pricing theorem (Ross‟s conception). The role played by the supplemented bibliography should be also pointed out. It significantly enters the planned communication. The author‟s aim was to provide the (selected) basis, and “vocabulary” which will be useful for reading the entirety of the “trilogy” – the presented foreword really constitutes a kind of “a bibliographical note”.
6

Arbitrage in economics and elsewhere – facts well known and less known (three papers on arbitrage ideas, modeling and pricing – yesterday, today and tomorrow) – introduction to the series

61%
Rybicki W.
Mathematical Economics
|
2011
|
issue 7 (14)
169-172
XX
The presented series of articles on arbitrage theories and their methodological aspects consist of three papers entitled as follows: I. The Primer on Arbitrage Conceptions in Economics: Their Logics, Roots and Some Formal Models (Historical and Bibliographical Notes). II. Mathematics of Financial Arbitrage: From Algebraic Geometry at the Turn of the 19th and 20th Centuries to Modern Martingale (Generalized) Considerations III. The Arbitrage in Stochastic Finance, Social Choice Theory and Macroeconomics. The articles are devoted to present – in a historical perspective – the basic ideas and “metamorphoses” of the notion and role of an arbitrage (originated as a kind of clever and rational speculation – the last word is used in a “neutral”, not pejorative sense) as well as to point out its various, important connotations (not merely in finance or even economics) and to demonstrate some mathematical inevitable technicalities, reflecting, in fact, the logical essence and the modern view of the arbitrage (and non arbitrage) conditions.
7
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The Absence of Arbitrage on the Complete Black-Scholes-Merton Regime-switching Lévy Market

51%
Sulima A.
Econometrics. Ekonometria. Advances in Applied Data Analytics
|
2021
|
vol. 25
|
issue 3
72-84
PL
Głównym celem artykułu jest udowodnienie, że zupełny, przełącznikowy rynek Blacka-Scholesa typu Lévy’ego charakteryzuje się brakiem arbitrażu. W rozważanym modelu ceny instrumentów finansowych opisane są przez proces Lévy’ego, którego współczynniki zależą od stanów łańcucha Markowa. Taki rynek jest niezupełny, co oznacza, że nie każdą strategię inwestycyjną można replikować za pomocą dostępnych instrumentów finansowych. Aby uzupełnić ten rynek, dodano skokowe instrumenty finansowe oraz aktywa potęgowo skokowe. Następnie wskazano równoważną miarę martyngałową oraz wyznaczono warunki, tak aby powyższy model charakteryzował się brakiem arbitrażu. Arbitraż to strategia kupna lub sprzedaży, która przynosi zyski dzięki wykorzystaniu różnic cen identycznych lub podobnych instrumentów finansowych na różnych rynkach lub w różnych formach. W związku z tym arbitraż można rozumieć jako zysk wolny od ryzyka.
EN
The main aim of the paper was to prove that the complete Black-Scholes-Merton regime-switching Lévy market is characterized by an absence of arbitrage. In the considered model, the prices of financial assets are described by the Lévy process in which the coefficients depend on the states of the Markov chain. Such a market is incomplete; in order to complete this market, jump financial instruments and power-jump assets were added. Then, an equivalent martingale measure was indicated and the conditions were determined so that the above model is characterized by the absence of arbitrage. Arbitrage is a trade that profits by exploiting the price differences of identical or similar financial instruments in different markets or in different forms. Thus arbitrage can be understood as risk-free profit for the trader.
8

Brak arbitrażu na rynkach z proporcjonalnymi kosztami transakcji

51%
Rygiel A.
Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Krakowie
|
2015
|
issue 1(937)
127-139
PL
Celem pracy jest przedstawienie w ujednolicony i przejrzysty sposób różnych wyników dotyczących aspektu braku arbitrażu występującego przy modelowaniu rynków finansowych z proporcjonalnymi kosztami transakcji. Podane zostały kryteria charakteryzujące brak możliwości słabego oraz silnego arbitrażu w modelu rynku z czasem dyskretnym i skończonym horyzontem czasowym. W przypadku modelu rynku z czasem ciągłym sformułowane zostały warunki wystarczające dla braku prostego arbitrażu (tzn. arbitrażu w klasie prostych strategii inwestycyjnych). Szczególna uwaga została poświęcona transakcjom bez możliwości krótkiej sprzedaży.
EN
The aim of the paper was to present in a clear and unified way various results concerning the absence of arbitrage in the modelling of financial markets with proportional transaction costs. The absence of weak and strict arbitrage opportunities criteria in a finite time horizon discrete time market model are given. Sufficient conditions for the absence of simple arbitrage (i.e. arbitrage over simple investment strategies) in a continuous time market model are presented. Special attention is devoted to transactions without short selling.
9
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Instrumenty pochodne w spółkach notowanych na Giełdzie Papierów Wartościowych w Warszawie

36%
Ożga P.
Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics
|
2012
|
vol. 255
|
issue 4
127-151
EN
The article investigates the scope of and the rationale for the use of derivatives by companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange. The analysis applies to companies active in industries other than the financial sector and is based on data contained in these companies’ financial reports for the 2007-2010 period. The evaluation focuses on the type of derivatives used, their market value and how often they are mentioned in the companies’ financial reports. On the basis of the information gathered, the author determined the number of companies using derivatives as well as the popularity of these instruments. Ożga also examined the structure of risks hedged with the use of derivatives. He compared the results against data for selected developed and developing countries. The study showed that only a small percentage of companies hedge their exposure to market risk, the author says. Moreover, the study invalidated the hypothesis that a growing number of Polish companies use derivatives, which may indicate that companies incorrectly identify risk, do not know how to manage it, or do not understand the essence of hedging. The author also undertakes to evaluate risk management in Warsaw Stock Exchange-listed companies. To this end, he makes a distinction between hedging and speculation. The results of the analysis show that at least half the companies surveyed used derivatives for hedging purposes, Ożga concludes.
PL
Celem artykułu jest zbadanie skali oraz przesłanek wykorzystania instrumentów pochodnych przez przedsiębiorstwa niefinansowe notowane na Giełdzie Papierów Wartościowych w Warszawie. Podstawą analizy były dane zawarte w sprawozdaniach finansowych spółek giełdowych za lata 2007-2010. Ocenie poddano fakt wykorzystywania derywatów, ich rodzaj, wartość rynkową oraz cykliczność ich prezentacji w sprawozdaniach okresowych. Na podstawie zgromadzonych informacji określono liczbę jednostek wykorzystujących instrumenty pochodne, skalę ich stosowania oraz strukturę zabezpieczanych za ich pomocą ryzyk. Uzyskane wyniki zostały porównane z danymi pochodzącymi z wybranych krajów rozwiniętych i rozwijających się. Potwierdzono w ten sposób niski odsetek przedsiębiorstw, które zabezpieczają swoją ekspozycję na ryzyko rynkowe. Ponadto odrzucona została hipoteza o rosnącej skali wykorzystania instrumentów pochodnych, co może świadczyć o nieprawidłowej identyfikacji ryzyka w polskich spółkach, braku umiejętności zarządzania nim lub też o braku zrozumienia istoty hedgingu przez zarządzających. W artykule podjęta została także próba oceny zarządzania ryzykiem w polskich przedsiębiorstwach notowanych na GPW. W tym celu zdefiniowano dwa kryteria odróżniające hedging od spekulacji. Rezultaty analizy prowadzą do wniosku, że co najmniej połowa badanych podmiotów używała instrumentów pochodnych w celach zabezpieczających.
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