Search results

1

Dziedzictwo drewnianej architektury w Polsce

100%

Szałygin J.

Ochrona Zabytków

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2013

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issue 1-4

281-298

EN

Temples occupy a special place in the history of wooden architecture in Poland. Wooden manor houses are an inherent feature of our landscape, too. Wood was also used in the construction of public utility buildings, mostly taverns and village inns, often featuring interregional style characteristics. There is also a great variety of wooden structures used for industrial and craft purposes in rural areas. Other examples of wooden architecture can be found in built-up areas of small towns, typologically corresponding to the requirements of the historical delineation of land parcels, as well as in summer resorts and spas dating back from the turn of the 19th century. Wooden buildings and structures are of course the most abundant in the country. Buildings made of timber were prevalent in rural areas until the late fifties of the 20th century. Since early sixties, however, the number of wooden buildings has been decreasing steadily, which is mostly attributable to devastation and to a lesser extent to modernization trends. As a result, the traditional timber construction industry has completely disappeared in many regions of Poland. The small percentage that has survived serves as a proof of its architectural value, constituting a one-of-a-kind wooden architecture heritage on a European and even on a global scale. In fact, the most important Polish contribution to the history and evolution of global architecture is associated with wooden architecture. Preservation of historical monuments and sites in Poland has been approached with concern for centuries and has a long history and tradition. Since the second half of the 19th century, preservation of memorabilia and objects from the past, which provide historical insights into the previous epochs and events, has been regarded as a moral obligation, in accordance with the principle that the most important values should be passed down not only within the family, but also as items of national heritage. The preservation and care of historical monuments was regulated by legislative means soon after Poland regained its independence in order to ensure legal protection for specific objects of national heritage. Public administration bodies were also established to perform tasks associated with the preservation of historical sites and buildings. Due to the huge scale of destruction after the Second World War, preservation of historical monuments was practically reduced to conservation (reconstruction) activities in several chosen urban centres. The interest of the then decision makers did not extent to historical buildings and sites in most cities and villages – especially those in the so-called recovered territories or those representing manor architecture formerly belonging to “class enemies”, industrial architecture, parks, gardens and cemeteries. Wooden buildings and structures were at the highest risk of being destroyed. The transition from conservation interventions to conservation planning is said to have taken place in the mid-fifties of the 20th century. Unfortunately, preservation of historical monuments, including wooden buildings of historical value, was underfunded. Most appropriations were allocated for the most precious and unique buildings and structures. The number of wooden buildings of historical value which have been destroyed or fallen into disrepair since the war is very large. The two existing pieces of legislation: the Act on the protection of cultural heritage assets and the Act on the protection and care of historical monuments and sites have not been effective in preventing their disappearance from our landscape. The protection of the remnants of wooden architecture in our cultural landscape should be given more focus in today’s conservation activities (mostly in situ measures) to preserve the largest possible number of wooden structures in their original state, because it is this authenticity that makes them so precious. To this end, the local carpentry culture and the local wooden construction traditions must be revived if wooden structures of historical value are to be restored in a professional way by properly qualified carpenters and contractors. Conservation plans should take advantage of the revival of interest in wood as a construction material in the last two decades. More and more houses are being designed with wood as the principal construction material or one of construction materials, drawing on the tradition of century-old regional forms and restoring harmony and visual balance of our landscape. This means that the heritage of Polish wooden architecture will be continued in a new dimension and in a new space, revealing the beauty and plasticity of this material and its technical potential, often not fully appreciated or known.

2

Małopolska architektura drewniana w grafice artystycznej Dwudziestolecia (1918-1939)

100%

Maksymiuk M., Marcinek R.

Ochrona Zabytków

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2013

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issue 1-4

309-323

EN

Dominating the landscape of Małopolska over centuries, the wooden architecture was not deemed to be interesting for many years, although it was an indispensable element of the cultural landscape of the region. As late as in the 19th century, artists going out and searching for picturesque background for genre scenes noticed whitewash houses, round domes of orthodox churches and towers of Roman Catholic churches. Works discussing the topic of wooden architecture in the years 1918-1939 may be divided into two groups – works aiming at possibly close presentation of the reality and those where wooden architecture has been treated as a cultural framework for e.g. scenes presenting folk customs, but without any attempt to make buildings more individual. Wooden architecture had a strong influence on the works of Jan Kanty Gumowski, Józef Pieniążek, Janina Nowotnowa. Formally processed, it is present in the works of Józef Kluska-Stawowski, Tadeusz Kulisiewicz, Bogna Krasnodębska-Gardowska and others. More unrealistic, almost as an ideogram, it has been used in works of a wide range of artists whose master was Władysław Skoczylas. The topic of folk customs, and, as a consequence, of wooden architecture, was often used in the works of Stanisław Ostoja-Chrostowski, Jan Wojnarski or Edmund Bartłomiejczyk. Artists were most interested in Podhale, submontane areas and wooden architecture of the region, but other regions of Małopolska also had their admirers. In the interwar period, graphics lost their former documentary significance, but it does not mean that monument experts should loss their interested in them. It often presents a world which does not exist. It is also a proof of the interest in wooden architecture, its sophisticated and, at the same time, archaic form.

3

Przeniesienie i adaptacja budynku dawnego Urzędu Celnego w Niedzicy

100%

Stępień P.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1990

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issue 1

43-44

EN

The wooden building of the former Customs House in Niedzica, raised in 1 9 2 5 , was endangered by the construction of the dam on the Dunajec River. On the incentive of the Association of Art Historians, the object was transferred to the grounds of the castle complex in Niedzica. This is the second salvaged object from an area assigned for the Czorsztyn-Niedzica water reservoir.

4

Drewniane świątynie odzyskują blask – prace konserwatorskie przy wybranych zabytkach północno-wschodniego dorzecza Sanu (północnej części województwa podkarpackiego) na przykładzie Ulanowa, Dąbrówki, Krzeszowa i Huty Krzeszowskiej

88%

Podubny B.

Ochrona Zabytków

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2014

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issue 1

119-140

EN

The article presents a group of wooden churches located in the northern part of the Podkarpackie Voivodeship, in the area of the Nisko county. The county is divided by the San river, and the monuments in question are located on the right-bank part, at a close distance from each other. In the introduction the author presents the reasons for selecting the churches in Dąbrówka, Krzeszów, Huta Krzeszowska and Ulanów. The main argument was the fact that they have been subjected to serious repair and maintenance works in recent years. Another one is an attempt to present these not well-known monuments to a wider audience. Then the reasons for their limited recognition are explained. The article also briefly discusses the context of a historic changes of national and governmental affiliation of the area where the churches are located and the effects of them. In the next part of the text, which is fundamental for the article, the author presents individual monuments. First, the cemetery church in Ulanów is described. Its fire in 2002 drew greater attention to other surviving wooden churches in the area. Works at this temple have already been accomplished, while in recent years a renovation of the parish church in Ulanów were started (another monument described in the article). The description of particular monuments includes their history presented in a synthetic manner, a short description of the buildings with a focus on the most significant parts, as well as a reference to the valuable elements of the equipment. A greater emphasis was put on the presentation of the known repair and maintenance works from around 19th century, through the 20th century, and finally underlining the works carried out in recent years. A longer paragraph is devoted to another wooden church situated in Dąbrówka because the building has several enigmatic features suggesting that it should become an object of a broader historical and architectural research. After the description of the recent conservation works concerning the monuments, the article shows the direction in which the subsequent projects proposed by the owners should follow, and it suggests other objectives as worth considering. This is the case of the description of the next church located in Huta Krzeszowska. In the church bell tower there is a polychrome under which the author noticed another, older painted layer. Owing to the condition of the polychrome, it is suggested to urgently examine it and perform conservation works. The last monument described is located in Krzeszów. It is an extraordinary church, owing to its form, size and an exceptionally precious inner decoration. In this case, attention was focused on local Association “Rotunda” which made a great contribution to rescue and gradually restore the church in Krzeszów. The article is summed up by a short description of the progress of works on particular monuments and the presentation of conclusions. They relate to the applied method of covering wall and roof. It is also emphasized that there is a need of care for accurate reproduction of woodwork. Another conclusion is a visible great commitment of the parishioners to the preparation and conduct of the repair works. A final remark concerns other churches which, unfortunately, are not treated with such care as the described ones. The church in Zarzecze, close to Ulanów, was given as an example.

5

KATALOG ZABYTKÓW OSADNICTWA HOLENDERSKIEGO NA MAZOWSZU Jerzy Szałygin, Wyd. DiG, Warszawa 2004

88%

Kalina A.

Ochrona Zabytków

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2004

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issue 1-2

187-191

EN

This is the first publication which systematically discusses the material heritage associated with Dutch settlements in terrains which historically belonged to Mazovia. A presentation of 191 Mazovian villages, arranged in alphabetical order and located upon the basis of Dutch law. The descriptions, enhanced with fragments of historical maps, contain information about the residential and farm buildings, and take into account their localisation, current preservation, types of construction, the layout of the interiors and a characteristic of the brick. The catalogue contains data pertaining to churches and cemeteries. The Dutch settlement movement developed from the seventeenth century to the 1940s, and was connected with the overflow land along various rivers, including the Vistula, the Bug and the Wkra. The specific type of farming was adapted to the natural conditions, which, in turn, determined given construction solutions and affected the shaping of the local landscape. The Dutch settlements in Mazovia comprise an exceptional phenomenon, whose merits are enhanced by the fact that they were one of the few to have survived in Poland on such a scale despite the severance of the cultural continuum after the second world war. The catalogue is supplemented by a copious bibliography and maps presenting the range of the phenomenon within the former boundaries of Mazovia.

6

Odkrycie najstarszej datowanej drewnianej cerkwi w Ukrainie

88%

Slobodian V.

Ochrona Zabytków

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2014

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issue 1

75-87

EN

The article presents the circumstances of finding the oldest wooden tserkva in Ukraine, in the village Stara Skvaryava near Zhovkva. The finding was made on the occasion of creating documentation of the renovation of that disused church. The oldest references to the village Skvaryava come from 1515, and to the church itself – from 1578. The subsequent broader information regarding the church appeared in the 18th century protocols of parish visitation. The protocols contain also information about moving the church from Glinsk to Stara Skvaryava in 1715. That building is identified as a wooden single domed eastern type church from the 16th century on the basis of an analysis of sources. Along with the church, an iconostasis with icons from various periods was moved to Stara Skvaryava. Its oldest part was probably made by the masters from Przemyśl in the 16th century, and the other parts in the 17th and 19th century. The protocol of a Dean’s visitation of 1792 informs that the church was restored at the end of the 18th century. From 1947 to 1989 the church was closed. Opened in the early 1990s, it was used until completion of construction of a new brick church in 1995. The monument, abandoned since then, needed an urgent renovation. According to some sources, the currently existing wooden church was built in 1820. However, the earlier origin of the church can be confirmed by the window openings typical of the beginning of the 18th century. The discovery in 2008 of the inscriptions on the wall of the nave: „АФИ” and „ѿ АѰ Сей цркви С лѣтъ без осми”, allows unambiguously to date the church at 1508 and confirms the information of its moving from Glińsk. The celebrations of the quincentenary of the church on Michaelmas in 2008 became a true feast for all inhabitants and unified them in the pursuit of preservation and restoration of the original look of the church. In spring 2009 renovation works began and were continued in the next years when financial resources were available. Taking into consideration a unique character of the church and its original equipment, as well as the fact that this is the oldest Ukrainian wooden eastern type church with a known date of construction, it is necessary to aim at listing it in the National Register of Cultural Heritage of Ukraine.

7

Dziesięć lat Drewnianych Kościołów Południowej Małopolski na Liście światowego dziedzictwa UNESCO

75%

Fortuna-Marek A.

Ochrona Zabytków

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2014

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issue 2

139-153

EN

Ten years, which passed since the Wooden Churches of Southern Małopolska have been inscribed into the UNESCO World Heritage List, pose a great opportunity to present the activities and successes in the area of preservation and widely understood protection of these unique sites. The main purpose behind the UNESCO List is ensuring relevant protection to the most valuable cultural goods to preserve them in possibly unchanged form for the future generations. Therefore, the issue, whether current guardianship and protection of the Małopolska churches are sufficient for maintaining their unique and universal value, authenticity and integrity, is worth discussing. The Wooden Churches of Southern Małopolska are a serial inscription covering six Gothic churches built using the horizontal log technique and located in the following localities: Blizne, Binarowa, Dębno Podhalańskie, Haczów, Lipnica Murowana and Sękowa. The churches have been subject to numerous important conservation and renovation works throughout the last ten years. Their scope varied depending on the church, its needs and requirements. Apart from the conservation and renovation works necessary to preserve the sites of world heritage in due manner, the actions aiming at delivery of the tasks under the UNESCO World Heritage Convention have been taken. To ensure possibly highest protection standards of the UNESCO List sites in Poland, including wooden churches of Małopolska, the actions targeted on their monitoring and assessment of preservation, scientific research and works aiming at proper site management have been performed. These works were carried out for the most under the statutory tasks of the National Heritage Board of Poland. Two separate Polish and Norwegian projects aiming at improving the system of world heritage protection in Poland and Norway and working-out better and more effective methods for managing the sites inscribed into the UNESCO List were delivered within the scientific works. Research performed under both these projects covered also the wooden churches of southern Małopolska.

8

Drewniana architektura sakralna w Polsce : zagadnienie typów i form regionalnych w rozwoju historycznym

75%

Kornecki M.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1992

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issue 1-2

7-31

EN

Wooden constructions belonged to the inseparable elements of the historical landscape of Poland. Its universal nature, form and development were connected with ethnic-cultural traditions, the extensive supplies of building material and ease of its tooling, as well as the prevalent social and economic conditions. In the process of historical transformations, they always reflected two, apparently contradictory tendencies; on the one hand, tradition, particularly constant in isolated peripherial environments, and, on the other hand, currents from the outside, whose influence varied as regards its degree and range. Within this panorama a special place was assigned to churches, the foremost achievements of carpentry and dominating architectonic elements of settlement structures, which played essential socio-ideological role. Their variety was affected by the location of the country on the European crossroads, and by the cultural contacts between the West and the East. Polish wooden churches have been the subject of extensive research and publications. This article, based on a synthetically outlined background of their development, pays special attention to the variety of regional types and forms, observed in an historical perspective. Churches. It is well know that the form and nature of Polish wooden churches were influenced by principles which originated in Western culture, although local conditions were important, at least as regards material culture. This fact was the reason for the domination of frame construction. Unfortunately, extant objects do not date from a period earlier than the fifteenth century, and an attempt at filling this gap has so far been unsuccessful. The oldest surviving edifices present an already high technical level and at times even complicated solutions which were proposed by professional guild workshops, and the reason for the typicality of the buildings. At the end of the Middle Ages, the original regions of Poland (Little Poland - the Cracow archdiocese, and Greater Poland - the Gniezno archdiocese) witnessed a domination of two consistently realised types which differed as regards the conceptions for covering the two main fragments - the nave and the presbytery. The churches were single-nave and originally without towers, decorated with modest Late Gothic ornaments of a universal typological range. In the sixteenth and even in the seventeenth century this „Gothic" architectonic programme was continued since the Renaissance and Mannerism were not adopted by wooden architecture. Nonetheless, the typicality of the edifices was no longer closely observed, and the technical quality deteriorated due to the regress of the guilds as well as the exhaustion of the supplies of good building material. In certain regions a turret built in the post-frame construction and added to the main part of the building became a universal feature. The Baroque made its imprint as late as the end of the seventeenth century, and initially affected only details (the illusory vault). At that time it was already possible to distinguish many regional groups which reflected either common sources of their realization or local variants. In the eighteenth century there appeared a new factor: the participation of professional architects (sometimes educated dilletantes) who, often contrary to the properties of the building material, undertook attempts at a realization of concrete fashionable architectonic types in wood. This is a unique phenomenon of Polish wooden architecture, unknown elsewhere. Attempts were made at „imitating" a number of purely Baroque solutions disseminated in Poland during the Counter-Reformation. One can encounter copies of the Jesuit transept-dome basilica (the Roman II Gesu model), basilicas with blocked tower facades, unturreted basilicas, with a pair of chapels as a transept, and, finally, hall, tower and unturreted projects. Churches with such greatly differentiated programmes and often with rich architectonic embellishments (not to mention painted and statuary decorations) occur either as isolated examples or constitute related groups which sometimes are the outcome of copying patterns from nearby. The article cites instances of such affiliations. Nonetheless, those foremost creations constitute a minority since alongside there survived a modest traditional type of building, enrooted in medieval patterns, and only superficially modelled on the Baroque - such accents as tower helmets can be grouped according to regions. This current is accompanied by primitive folk examples connected with an increasingly stronger initiative upon the part of wider social groups. Sporadically, it is also possible to encounter objects realized by sui generis peasant „entrepreneurs" who were commissioned to erect various constructions and primarily employed local or wandering artisans. The nineteenth century - the era of the decline of Polish statehood - was a period of regression caused by numerous factors, including the impoverishment of the country, longterm wars and foreign rule, all of which influenced also the Polish Church. The wooden sacral architecture of the time reflects Classicism, neo-Gothic and eclectic styles to a lesser degree although one comes across more interesting solutions. At the turn of the century, a search, stimulated by patriotic moods, was made for national forms in architecture which reached assumed cultural roots. Against this background there emerged a wave of neo-regionalism which produced interesting effects based originally on observations of the folk architecture of the Podhale region. The same trends enlivened wooden church architecture which preferred patterns from Piła, mainly applied in the southern parts of the country. The neo-regional current was continued, although to a smaller extent, in the interwar period. Later on, wooden churches appeared more as temporary constructions, bringing to an end a magnificent chapter in the history of Polish architecture, so characteristic for the identity of the local cultural landscape. Russian Orthodox and Uniate churches. The origin, development and changes of wooden Russian Orthodox churches are not easily determined. A significant role was played not by the sources themselves but rather by the paths of various inspirations, the divergent and variable Church organization, the history of Polish expansion in areas of cultural contacts, the history of the union with the Eastern Church as well as ethnic relations: migrations, assimilation and war cataclysms. The absence of many links in the development process, the insufficient archive source material and, until recently, unsatisfactory scientific publications constituted a serious obstacle. At present, it is possible to distinguish several regional groups of this architecture and to capture their transformations in longer spaces of time. A distinct group is composed of churches in the Carpathian and sub-Carpathian regions, particularly the Lemko edifices found in the most westerly enclave. They were built as a result of the late colonization of this mountaineous region by the Walachian- Ruthenian shpeherds, intermixed with the Polish population. The result was the emergence of a tripartite building corresponding to the requirements of lithurgy, with elements borrowed from church architecture; an essential element is a post-frame tower with an overhanging bell storey, built to the west from the women's section. Another distinct accent are onion domes which top the towers and other parts of the edifice. Further to the East the buildings combined various features. The oldest were single dome (with the copula over the nave) or triple-dome churches. The outer solid revealed domes which often assumed the forms of geometrical, tiered roofs. From the eighteenth century this was also the region of Uniate churches, outwardly similar to Roman Catholic buildings, with modest solids, in which the divisions required by lithurgy were as if introduced into the interiors. Another group includes churches in the eastern parts of the Lublin region (Tomaszow, Zamość and Hrubieszow), an enclave where the Uniate Church, abolished by the Russians, survived in the Austrian partition area. The extant buildings, predominantly single-or triple-dome, can be distinguished from their Carpathian counterparts. Here too, Uniate edifices were similar to modest rural churches. A special group is represented by Orthodox churches along the Lithuanian-Byelorussian frontier. The older, post-Uniate constructions are relatively unadorned and include edifices built on a ground plan of an elongated polygon with a geometrical quasi-dome, or, as in the above mentioned regions, they outwardly resemble village churches. On the other hand, buildings dating from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, which survived in large numbers, reveal elements of Russian or Byelorussian architecture. They are of a tri-partite configuration, with a dominating central part and with walls covered by horizontal planking. A characteristic feature is a vertical tower, sometimes an octagon, with a pillar helmet. Just as frequent are walls painted blue, a colour not used in Polish sacral architecture in other regions. The article does not fully discuss the extensively formulated topic. Its general intention, presented against a background of an abbreviated outline, was to emphasize problems of the regionalism of wooden church architecture which call for further detailed investigations.

9

Tradycja i postęp : ochrona zabytków na wsi

75%

Pruszyński J.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1992

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issue 1-2

31-36

EN

After World War II the phenomenon described by ethnologists as nativeness i. e. a bond between the inhabitants of villages, small towns or a given region with the cultural past, customs and traditions has been subjected to an intentional obliteration. The war produced the greatest contemporary population migrations, especially in Poland, while the political premises of the land reform and the „liquidation of the economic basis of landowners" did not solve the problems of individual peasant farmsteads but caused an enormous wastage of buildings - historical monuments, palaces, manorhouses, farm buildings, parks, cemeteries and traditional village constructions. The resolution issued by the Minister of Agriculture and Land Reform, issued in connection with a decree of the PKWN (Polish Committee of National Liberation) (6 September 1944) „took over" lands which became state property, together with buildings, their facilities and objects which not only served the purposes of production but also possessed artistic, scientific or museum value. Both legal acts did not protect against devastation or plunder but outright accelerated and encouraged them. Of the almost 5 million wooden buildings listed in 1953 by the State Insurance Enterprise, at least 10 per cent possessed great historical value, but the majority were destroyed since they provided building material (e. g. windmills). A temporary list of historical manors made in 1947 by the Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reform included over 20 000 buildings althought did not take into consideration manorhouses built after 1855. As many as 90 per cent of these objects were subsequently utilized as storehouses, temporary housing and offices of production cooperatives, and of a total of 10 203, 9 533 were liquidated by 1956, a fact which was connected with unpunished devastation, plunder and destruction of property. The next years witnessed losses numbering up to a thousand objects annually, usually buildings of high cultural and artistic rank. When speaking about tradition, we have in mind ail that which was handed down to us by previous generations, both the products of material culture such as buildings, spatial arrangements and roads, as well as technology of production which is not always correctly regarded as outdated. It is indispensable to determine the apparently obvious connection between tradition and contemporaneity, monuments and progress. A monument constitutes material testimony of past human activity. Regardless of the time of its origin, its type or frequency of occurence, and artistic character, it remains a document of our history. It is quite easy to falsify history but it is much worse to destroy documents and deprive us of the right to call ourselves a nation with a thousand year-old statehood and culture. The present-day ammendment to the law regarding the protection of cultural objects and museums, binding since 1962, defines monuments as „national wealth" and declares that: „State and selfgovernment bodies are obliged to guarantee legal, organizational and financial conditions" for their protection while it is the duty of owners and utilizers to „maintain the cultural objects belonging to them in a proper state". Inasmuch as a generally understood cultural object is every item, „mobile or immobile, old or contemporary, and of importance for cultural heritage and development, owing to its historical, scientific or artistic value", legal protection is due only to those objects which are listed in the register of monuments or are part of museum or library collections as well as all others as long as their historical merits are obvious. A certain danger is concealed in protecting objects „whose historical character is obvious". It is important to ascertain who is able to determine the historical nature of a given object in accordance with that criterion. At the moment, regulations make it possible for the selfgoverning bodies to nominate conservators of monuments at the level of a county or town; this opportunity must not be wasted especially considering that it is precisely in small towns and villages that social protection of monuments was effective. I would like to propose a rural/ urban conservator who remains in contact with the voivodship conservation services and museums; he would not enjoy any direct legal or decision-making privileges, but his conclusions, observations or reports would have to be taken into account by the local self-government. The „production-oriented" nature of the heretofore economic model has concealed from the authorities of a given terrain the perspective of other forms of profiting from an individual and unique landscape, climate and folklore, as well as the tourist, leisure and spa possibilities and the ensuing network of hotel, refreshment, entertainment and sport facilities. The governing bodies of villages or small towns should become aware of the original and distinct nature of their local tradition. It is not great projects of reconstructing monuments but daily concern for the property entrusted to them, often in the form of uncomplicated restoration work, which would enable their retention. The protection of rural monuments, apart from praiseworthy cultural undertakings for the future, is a chance for the development of those localities which were not given such an opportunity by poorly progressing agriculture, and were deprived of it by an uncontrolled growth of the local industry, often ecologically onerous. It is the local authorities which must notice this chance before it is too late.

10

Konserwacja i restauracja renesansowych malowideł ściennych drewnianego kościoła pw. św. Stanisława biskupa w Boguszycach koło Rawy Mazowieckiej

75%

Lubryczyńska M.

Ochrona Zabytków

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2013

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issue 1-4

199-232

EN

The wooden church in Boguszyce near Rawa Mazowiecka, as it looks today, was founded by Wojciech Boguski in 1558. A well preserved inscription placed on the north-facing incasement [translator’s note: Polish: zaskrzynienie - characteristic lowered ceiling in the parts being extension of chancel] indicates that the church was erected and painted in 1558 only. Painting decoration on the walls and ceilings, painted in the technique of egg tempera on a chalk and glue zinc white, is an imitation of the interior of a brick church decorated with rich architectural details, monumental wall paintings and vast surfaces covered with inscriptions. During preservation works undertaken in 1950s, the majority of oil paint layers which presumably came from the end of the 19th century and pattern decoration of approx. 1930 were removed. Large wall surfaces and polychromy defects were covered with graphic retouches (horizontal lines) bound by polyvinyl acetate. The aim of the intervention was to bind the polychromy and wood whose rings became a competitor for a poorly preserved paint layer. However, the walls were still covered with a layer of half-transparent, polymerized linen oil which made the paintings and zinc white dark. For 40 years since the preservation works were performed, the process of darkening and fading of paint layer progressed. The wall polychromy became almost transparent, and the remaining fragments of the zinc white were invisible. The conservation works discussed in this article started in 1997. The following activities were performed then: expert analysis of church construction, specialist examination of the paining technique as regards the polychromy as well as mycological and dendrochronological examinations of wood; in addition, a preliminary schedule of works was developed. The conservation works involved the entire construction being in an alarming condition and painting decorations covering the ceiling and walls. In the years 1998-1999, there were several preservation inspections led by Marian Kornecki, PhD. At that time, general preservation assumptions, including the most important decision about walls, were made. It was unanimously stated that preservation works regarding the paintings shall aim at the removal of linen oil. It was also decided that the most advantageous solution for the arrangement of the church interior was to restore original white colour of the walls at the places without polychromy. The decisions were the starting points for further restoration activities consisting in precise binding of paint layer defects with graphic retouches – horizontal lines and reconstruction of small polychromy elements. The renovation of the church was finished in 2006, while preservation works in the interior in 2009. During the works, the author of the article led a team of conservators and performed some preservation works. She also established the history of the building and chronology of changes in the decoration of the interior of the church and the history of works performed in the church as well as developed an original preservation programme.

11

Drewniany kościół w Łączy z XV wieku przestał istnieć!

75%

Brykowski R.

Ochrona Zabytków

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1994

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issue 3-4

313-322

EN

The wooden church in Łącza (Upper Silesia) which was consecrated in 1490, burnt down on 30 January 1994. Although earlier records mention a church in Łącza in 1376 and 1447, they cannot be unambiguously connected with the building in question. The erection of the church could have taken place immediately prior to 1490 or completed in that year; the building could have also been constructed several or even more than ten years earlier. The time of its erection, therefore, is described as the period before 1490. The fire also destroyed all the historical outfittings of the church, composed of 47 items mentioned in the Catalogue ofHistorical Monuments ofArt in Poland. The only surviving objects are the statue of the Madonna and Child and four bas reliefs of St. Philip, John the Evangelist, Peter and Thomas Juda, part of a Gothic triptych from ca 1425-1430, which were displayed at an exhibition held in the Diocesal Museum in Opole. The loss of the church in Łącza is even more painful considering that each of the three wooden fifteenth-century churches in Upper Silesia, extant until recently, represented another type of Late Gothic wooden sacral architecture. Research into the regionalization of Gothic and Late Gothic sacral architecture in Poland disclosed the existence of four variants which were named after the regions in which they were found: Little Poland, Greater Poland, Silesia and Mazovia. The basic determinant of a particular regional variety, and within its framework of assorted types and variants, is the construction of the roof truss which influences the shape of the roof and the general appearance of the solid. The Silesian variety includes two simultaneously employed solutions (two types of solids). The church in Łącza contained a nave and a presbytery covered with doubleframed separate roofs whose distinctness was stronly marked by their differentiated heights (the higher one — over the nave and the lower one — over the presbytery). In the church in Książy Las (1494) two separate trusses are situated over the nave and the presbytery but the difference between their heights is slight; as a result, the different height of the two roofs also remains almost unnoticeable and is stressed only by a small decline of the two roof ridges. These two solutions originated in the Middle Ages and are typical also for Silesian wooden churches from later periods. The third church — in Poniszowice (prior to 1499) — should be discussed separately due to its different spatial configuration and certain connections with the Little Poland variant. Later additions to the church in Łącza (tower, ave-bell tower, arcades and choir, rebuilt in 1872-1873) did not obliterate its original form and solid, and remained legible. This was one of the few existing Gothic and Late Gothic wooden churches in Poland which retained the front elevation. Owing to the time of its construction and the shape of the solid, unique for the Silesian variant, as well as the partly folk „tone” of the carpentry work (i. a. the split log framework of the walls, and the the formation of the semi-barrel cover over the sacristy), the church in Łącza constitutes an important link in the history of Polish wooden architecture and in the history of Silesian culture. In order to fill the newly emergent gap on the cultural map of the country and the tourist map of Silesia, the Voivodeship Conservator of Historical Monuments in Katowice, the Polish ICOMOS Committee, Dr. Marian Kornecki in the name of the Cracow Branch of the Association of Historians of Art and the author of this article, in his capacity as an expert of the Minister of Culture and Art, propose that the church in Łącza be rebuilt with the application of original building material and technology.

12

Wieś Bartne w powiecie gorlickim1 – konserwatorska klęska bez happy endu

63%

Laskowski A.

Ochrona Zabytków

|

2014

|

issue 1

89-118

EN

The article is devoted to a Lemko village of Bartne situated in the Low Beskids, in the valley of Bartnianka stream, between the mountain ranges covered with forest. The village has a layout characteristic for the so-called forest village, in which a road running along a stream constitutes the main axis, and there are dirt roads perpendicular to it. Bartne was founded in the 16th century on the basis of the Wallachian rights. A family of a well-known composer Dmitry Bortniansky, the court composer of Tsarina Catherine the Great, came from here and an eulogist of Lemkivshchyna, novelist Wladimir Ignatiewicz Chiljak lived here for many years. The village became famous for local stonecutters whose manufacture (roadside shrines, cemetery tombstones, handmills) was recognised in the vicinity and beyond. Among the village buildings dominate two sacral ones: the older Greek-Catholic church and the Orthodox church established in the inter-war period. The cemeteries are also important: a parish cemetery, a choleric cemetery (from the 19th c.) and a war cemetery (from World War I). The inhabitants of the village lived in houses typical of Lemkos, the so-called chyża, where both the residential and the farming part were under one roof. A chyża was accompanied by separate granaries, cellars or other outhouses (forge, cart house, etc.). Fortunately, the buildings in the village survived the operation “Vistula” which was carried out by the Communists after World War II and consisted in forced resettlement of the local population to completely culturally unfamiliar northern areas of Poland. The political thaw after the Stalin’s death allowed the return of the displaced people to their homeland and resettle the surviving farms. Bartne, which was noticed by the conservation services in the 1960s, soon became the object of thorough studies carried out by a team of researchers from Kraków under the direction of Marian Kornecki, the leading researcher of wooden architecture in Poland. In the paper that crowned the fieldwork, completed in 1978, the team postulated the entry of the village layout and its buildings, as well as the most valuable individual farmhouses, to the register of historic monuments. In the same year the relevant inscriptions were made, and Bartne was recognised as an urban and architectural reserve. According to the assumptions proposed by M. Kornecki’s team, the village was supposed to have three protection zones: 1) a strict reserve, 2) an intensified protection zone, 3) a general protection zone. Today, 35 years after the foundation of the reserve, Bartne has transformed from a typical Lemko village into a model example of a devastated cultural landscape where the still untouched nature is accompanied by a small number of preserved wooden houses as well as stone and wooden granaries, but is dominated by brick buildings that are chaotic in their layout and aggressive in their form and colours, and ignore the harmony between the human creation and the nature’s one. Conservation services suffered a spectacular defeat in Bartne. Despite the recognition of the village as a reserve – the area subject to particular protection by definition – it lost within one generation most of those values which played a decisive role when it was granted the special status in 1978. There are many reasons that caused such situation: exclusion of the local population from the process of establishing the reserve, which made them hostile to the whole idea, withdrawal of people capable of executing the initial vision, abandonment of comprehensive and coordinated protective measures, inability to initiate a dialogue with the owners of historic buildings, lack of funds for specialized repairs. In today’s Bartne only a few enclaves of historic wooden buildings and individual historic objects have been preserved, overwhelmed by new, in general ugly, brick buildings, which do not constitute a cohesive and harmonious layout anymore. The reserve de facto stopped existing. At the moment, you can only protect humble remains that have been disappearing in the recent years at an alarming pace anyway. However, a radical change of approach by conservation services and local population, an idea for proper implementation of protective measures and their management as well as a more flexible model of financing are necessary, which could be achieved with the changes in the system of monuments protection in Poland proposed in the article.

13

TECHNICZNE PROBLEMY KONSTRUKCJI ŚCIAN SZKIELETOWYCH NA PRZYKŁADZIE ZABYTKOWEGO DOMU PODCIENIOWEGO W GDAŃSKU LIPCACH

63%

Zybała T.

Przestrzeń, Ekonomia, Społeczeństwo

|

2017

|

issue 11/I

49-60

PL

Opracowania dotyczące zabytkowych, żuławskich domów podcieniowych opisują głównie ich architekturę. Brak jednak prac poświęconych technicznym problemom tego typu budownictwa z obszaru Delty Wisły. Artykuł poświęcony jest problematyce remontu konserwatorskiego żuławskiego domu o konstrukcji ryglowej na przykładzie domu podcieniowego w Gdańsku Lipcach. We wstępie przedstawiona została historia oraz opis budynku wraz z charakterystyką jego konstrukcji. Część dalsza zawiera wariantową analizę statyczną ścian szkieletowych przy zastosowaniu różnych rodzajów wypełnienia (glina na szkielecie z wikliny, cegła ceramiczna pełna, cegła kratówka, bloczek z betonu komórkowego). Celem badania było uzyskanie odpowiedzi na pytanie, który rodzaj wypełnienia jest dla zabytku najkorzystniejszy ze względu na sposób pracy drewnianej konstrukcji. Przedstawiona analiza ma oprócz znaczenia poznawczego również aspekt praktyczny. Jak wiadomo, czynnikiem decydującym o wyborze danej technologii lub materiału jest bardzo często cena, toteż uzupełnieniem obliczeń są przybliżone kalkulacje kosztów materiałów wykorzystanych do wypełnienia konstrukcji szkieletowej, wykonane na podstawie danych zebranych przez autora. Artykuł przedstawia także informacje o obecnych możliwościach rynkowych wykonywania takich robót. Ponieważ remonty ścian szkieletowych stanowią jeden z podstawowych rodzajów prac w zabytkowych budynkach ,,fachwerkowych”, artykuł może stanowić materiał pomocniczym dla inwestorów, projektantów i wykonawców.

EN

The articles about historical arcaded houses from the Żuławy Region describe mainly their architectural issues. There are however no papers that tackle the technical problems of this type of buildings in the Vistula Delta area. The following article is devoted to the wooden lattice brick filled framework renovation on selected example – arcade house located in the city of Gdańsk. It includes its history, description of the building and characteristic of its construction. The further part of article contains static and strength analysis of stud wall with four different fills (clay, solid brick, chequer brick, cellular concrete block). The main purpose of the research was to find the best technical solution for filling in this type of wooden construction. The calculated analysis has also a practical application. One of the most important factor determining the choice of a particular technology or material is often the price. The following article shows the approximation of the costs of the materials used to construction of the wooden lattice brick filled framework. The estimation is based on the data collected by the author. The paper provides information on current building market opportunities. This type of construction works is one of a basic process in wooden lattice brick filled framework renovation. The article can be a helpful resource for investors, designers and contractors.

14

Z dziejów ochrony drewnianej architektury kościelnej w Polsce. (Karty z działalności TOnZP w latach 1907-1914)*

63%

Brykowski R.

Ochrona Zabytków

|

1977

|

issue 3-4

117-128

EN

The Society for Protection o f the Monuments of the Past was formed in Warsaw, June 28, 1906. At that time when Poland was partitioned — and, thus, deprived of her statehood and its bodies — the Society exercised not only a social function but also that of a national and formal conservation service. At the early stage of its activities the Society managed already to cover with the latter the whole o f the Russian sector o f partitioned Poland. The proceedings involved were oriented on protection and conservation of the monuments o f wooden sacral architecture and laic building as well. A telling illustration of that trend was the exhibition of the monuments o f Polish architecture, mainly the wooden one, organized in 1915. The author deals with four old wooden churches, whose documentation is to be found in the Society’s archives. In 1907 energetic steps were taken up by the Society in order to prevent demolition of the three-aisled basilica at Białynin, dating from 1521. Those endeavours were not, however, crowned with success and that has remained of that historical monuments is but a portal o f sacristy — a rare instance of architectonic wooden relief. The second wooden church — at Brzeźnica Stara, early 16th century, burnt during the hostilities in 1939 but is known to us due the photographs taken, and the descriptions and drawings made, by the members o f the Society in 1908. A similar documentation pertains to the non-extant church at Olbierzowice (1468). Now what owes its survival to the Society is the parish church at Zborówek (1459), the oldest of the dated wooden churches in Poland. It was the Society’s members that effectively opposed, in 1913, the project o f its demolition. The author states in conclusion that irrespective o f the failure of some of the preventive measures taken up by the Society, its activities in the sphere of surveying and documentation have resulted in collection of an extremely valuable material which has saved many a historical monument from sinking into oblivion.

63%

Pisarek M., Gargała-Polar M.

Zagadnienia Doradztwa Rolniczego

|

2019

|

issue 4 (98)

68-83

PL

Atrakcyjność turystyczna każdego regionu, w tym powiatu sanockiego jest w sposób ścisły związana z jego dziedzictwem kulturowym. W artykule na podstawie przeglądu dostępnych, wtórnych materiałów źródłowych, przedstawiono potencjał turystyki kulturowej powiatu sanockiego oraz najważniejsze i najnowsze atrakcje turystyczne związane z tego typu turystyką. Wśród zabytków dominują obiekty architektury drewnianej, w tym budownictwo sakralne. Obiekty te udostępniane są do zwiedzania turystom na szlakach i w skansenie. W celu wzmocnienia atrakcyjności, w powiecie tworzone są nowe produkty turystyki kulturowej, jak drewniany Rynek Galicyjski, wieża widokowa na ruinach klasztoru i ogród przyklasztorny, Galeria Beksińskiego, Droga Krzyżowa „Nowego Życia”, Szlak Historycznych Receptur. Atrakcję turystyczną stanowią imprezy kulturalne oraz kulinaria regionalne, w tym nawiązujące do ludności łemkowskiej. W powiecie sanockim baza noclegowa oparta jest na obiektach niehotelarskich, np. pokojach gościnnych.

EN

The tourist attractiveness of each region, including the Sanok poviat, is closely related to its cultural heritage. The article, based on a review of available secondary source materials, presents the potential of cultural tourism in the Sanok poviat and the most important and recent tourist attractions related to this type of tourism. The monuments are dominated by wooden architecture objects, including religious buildings. These facilities are open to tourists on the trails and in the open-air museum. In order to strengthen the attractiveness, new cultural tourism products are being created in the poviat, such as the wooden Galician Market, observation tower on the ruins of the monastery and the monastery garden, Beksinski Gallery, Way of the Cross “New Life”, the Trail of Historic Recipes. Tourist attractions are cultural events and regional cuisine, including those referring to the Lemko population. The accommodation base of the Sanok poviat is based on guest rooms.

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