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EN
The detailed studies conducted in the article are based on the issue of heroic narrative. Heroic narrative is a type of writing concerning serious subjects significant to the Polish identity, cultural context and national history. These notions are implemented in language through linguistic features showing pathos and loftiness, uncommon tragedy, violence and vividness of the presented characters and historical events. The aim of the study was to establish a set of features determining the way heroic narrative is written. These features are mainly implemented by literary works and by texts which are strictly literary, but their author was the direct participant of events which were crucial for a given community. The basis of the article is Oblê¿enie i obrona Saragossy w latach 1808 i 1809, ze wzglêdem szczególniejszym na czynnoœci korpusu polskiego. The text can be classified as fiction because its author, Józef Mroziñski, was not a writer but a soldier (a captain) taking part in the military actions described in the text. The idea of “linguistic picture of the world” has been used in the article. It has allowed showing how a direct participant of the battle interprets the reality through the language, which features of people and things he notices and emphasizes and to what extent the linguistic features he uses are typical of heroic narrative. The main tool of description was the notion of attribution, which is understood as a semantic category covering different kinds of features ascribed to the analysed object. The conducted studies have shown that when talking about heroes and crucial historical events one does not always use the features of heroic narrative typical of literary tradition and Polish culture. Józef Mroziñski depicts heroism by using non-traditional features such as: in the subject matter – a deep reflection on the tragic situation of both people who lived in a besieged city and the besieging soldiers, in the language – meticu
PL
Podstawą rozważań jest materiał językowy zaczerpnięty z Dzienników Marii Dąbrowskiej, zawierający wypowiedzi pisarki o jej wrażliwości na muzykę i sztuki plastyczne oraz przykłady świadczące o wpływie tych sztuk na sposób kształtowania wypowiedzi literackiej. Analiza materiału ujawniła, że kształt językowy Dzienników ilustruje wpływ znajomości dzieł malarskich na technikę obrazowania; w mniejszym zakresie pokazuje inspiracje muzyczne.
EN
The analysis has been based on the linguistic material taken from the Diaries of Maria Dąbrowska containing statements of the writer about her sensitivity to music and the fine arts, and examples testifying the influence of those arts on the way the writer shaped her literary expression. The analysis has revealed that the linguistic form of the Diaries illustrates the influence of Dąbrowska’s familiarisation with some paintings on her technique of depiction; to a lesser degree it reveals her inspiration caused by music.
EN
In the article, the role of the artistic style as one of the major componens of the Ukrainian linguo-culture has been stressed. The writers’ language-creative practice has been qualified as an important factor in the national literary language development and as a criterion of the literary norm formation. As for the latter, two major kinds of writers’ impact are noted – structural-expanding and cutting, aimed at improvement. In this context, the concept of norm arises as an actual parameter to determine the level of correlation of both literary language and language of fiction.
EN
The concept of clarity and the closely related idea of colour were of great importance not only for the formulation of classical ideas connected with the theory of beaux arts, but also for the creation of concepts related to the an­cient academic and philosophical discourse, mainly via the use of light/shadow/colour metaphors to express and envisage the problems discussed. These were of special importance for what is commonly referred to as ancient literary aesthet­ics, which is the product of ideas originating in classical philosophical literary theory, practice and critique. It is to this very area of aesthetic and literary mean­ings of clarity that I would like to devote the present paper. However, the bulk of preserved testimonies, both direct (i.e. directly and normatively formulated) and indirect (i.e. resulting from the immanent poetics of the work), as well as the fact that they are multi-layered, compel me to narrow my analysis to the concept of clarity (σαφήνεια, claritas) as a stylistic category in ancient rhetoric and poetics, based exclusively on concepts expressed by classical Greek and Latin authors.
PL
Zakon Braci Mniejszych Kapucynów powstał po 1525 roku w wyniku reformy, której inicjatorem był o. Matteo da Bascio. Niemal od początku swego istnienia kapucyni wykształcili pewien zauważalny styl w sztuce, charakterystyczny dla wznoszonych przezeń klasztorów, w których konkretnym zasadom podlegała nie tylko sama architektura kościoła i klasztoru, ale i wyposażenie wnętrza, malarstwo, rzeźba czy rzemiosło artystyczne. Utrzymanie jednolitego stylu architektonicznego było możliwe nie tylko dzięki rygorystycznym przepisom, ale i żywej tradycji. Cechy budownictwa kapucyńskiego posiadając bardzo wyraźny rys semantyczny, podkreślają duchowość i tradycję Zakonu.
EN
The Order of Capuchin Friars Minor originated in 1525 as the result of the reform initiated by Fr. Matteo da Basico. Almost from the beginning of its existence the Capuchins developed a certain noticeable art style, characteristic for the monasteries they built, in which the church’s and the monastery’s architecture as well as the interior design, painting, sculpture or craft were subjected to strict rules. Maintaining a uniform architectural style was possible not only through rigorous rules but also through live tradition. Capuchin architecture by its very distinct semantic feature emphasises the spirituality and tradition of the Order.
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