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Environmental asbestos pollution - Situation in Poland

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Szeszenia-Dąbrowska N., Sobala W., Świątkowska B., Stroszejn-Mrowca G., Wilczyńska U.
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
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2012
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vol. 25
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issue 1
3-13
EN
Objectives: Environmental exposure of the general population to asbestos in Poland is mainly due to degradation of very popular asbestos-cement products and the resultant release of the elementary asbestos fibres into the ambient air. Assessments of environmental pollution by asbestos were based on the volume of the raw material used, amount of manufactured asbestos products, and measuring the concentration of fibres in the air. Material and Methods: Under the governmental program intended to remove asbestos, measurements of the concentration of asbestos fibres were performed in 2004–2010 in all provinces of Poland. Considering that potential sources of asbestos dust emissions were present in residential areas, 1634 sampling sites were designated. From 2 to 4 air samples were collected at each sampling site. A total of 5962 samples were collected during seven years. A single dose of air collected by 25 mm 0.8 μm pore Sartorius filter was 1,300 litres. The fibres were counted using optical microscopy with phase contrast (PCM) on a polarizing microscope (PLM) at a total magnification of 600×.; method was adapted to determine the concentration of asbestos fibres in non-occupational environment. Results: Mean concentration of asbestos fibres was 492 f/m³ (95% CI: 467–518). In 82% of the sampling sites, the mean concentrations did not exceed 800 f/ m³. As much as 25.8% of the samples were found to be below the detection limit of the method. Estimated mean concentrations of fibres in different provinces ranged from 146 (95% CI: 106–203) to 709 f/m³ (95% CI: 591–851). In the areas affected by former asbestos-processing plants, mean concentration was 732 f/m³ (95% CI: 527–1016) and was significantly higher than levels recorded in other areas of Poland. Conclusion: Asbestos consumption per capita and the recorded moderate levels of asbestos fibres concentration in atmospheric air point to a relatively low level of environmental asbestos pollution in Poland.
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Asbestos in Poland: Occupational health problems

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Szeszenia-Dąbrowska N., Świątkowska B., Szubert Z., Wilczyńska U.
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
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2011
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vol. 24
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issue 2
142-152
EN
The presentation addresses current problems of health risk and health effects associated with exposure to asbestos, including data on historical exposure and on currently valid occupational exposure limits. The quantity and types of the raw material used for the production of various asbestos products have also been discussed in relation to the particular types of asbestos-induced occupational diseases. The authors describe the medical care system for former asbestos workers and those currently exposed during removal of asbestos-containing products. The national system for medical certification of occupational asbestos-related diseases and the compensation procedure have been outlined as well. According to the parliamentary Act of 1997, importing, manufacture and sale of asbestos and asbestos-containing materials are prohibited in Poland. Thus, the assessment of asbestos exposure and the monitoring of health conditions of workers at asbestos-processing plants have become irrelevant. However, the delayed health effects attributable to past exposure continue to be the matter of concern for public health. Likewise, the environmental pollution from asbestos waste landfills in the vicinity of asbestos-processing plants (where high levels of asbestos fibre in ambient air have been recorded) will continue to be a serious public health problem. Presently, two programmes aimed at minimising the adverse effects of asbestos on population health are underway. One of them is the governmental programme for "Elimination of asbestos and asbestos-containing products used in Poland, 2002-2032". The programme was updated in 2009 to cover the workers contracted to perform demolition works and provide protective covers to asbestos waste landfills. This will be the exposed group who need prophylactic health care. The other is a programme of prophylactic examinations for former asbestos workers and is referred to as the AMIANTUS programme. Both programmes have been briefly described.
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Asbestos related diseases among workers of asbestos processing plants in relation to type of production and asbestos use

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Szeszenia-Dąbrowska N., Świątkowska B., Sobala W., Szubert Z., Wilczyńska U.
Medycyna Pracy
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2015
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vol. 66
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issue 1
1-9
PL
Wstęp: Azbest jest jednym z najbardziej niebezpiecznych czynników pylico- i rakotwórczych. Celem pracy była ocena występowania azbestozy i międzybłoniaka opłucnej wśród byłych pracowników zakładów przetwórstwa azbestu w Polsce w zależności od zużycia azbestu i typu wytwarzanych produktów. Materiał i metody: Badaniem objęto pracowników 18 dużych państwowych zakładów przetwórstwa azbestu, funkcjonujących w Polsce w latach 1945–1998. Badanie oparto na danych uzyskanych z dokumentacji zakładów i danych Centralnego Rejestru Chorób Zawodowych dotyczących przypadków azbestozy i międzybłoniaka opłucnej, zarejestrowanych w latach 1970–2012, a także danych z programu Amiantus. Analizę przeprowadzono dla 5 branż przemysłu azbestowego, grupując zakłady według typu wyrobów i stosowanej technologii. Wyniki: W okresie objętym badaniem stwierdzono 2160 przypadków azbestozy i 138 międzybłoniaków. W zakładach przetworzono łącznie ok. 2 mln ton azbestu, w tym ok. 7.5% krokidolitu. Ogólna ilość zużytego w danej branży azbestu okazała się silnym predyktorem zapadalności na azbestozę (R2 = 0,68, p = 0,055). Najwyższe ryzyko wystąpienia azbestozy zaobserwowano przy produkcji wyrobów włókienniczych i uszczelniających. Międzybłoniak wystąpił tylko u pracowników zakładów, w których kiedykolwiek stosowano krokidolit. Wnioski: Stwierdzono znaczne zróżnicowanie ryzyka występowania azbestozy w zależności od ilości zużytego azbestu. Analiza potwierdziła zależność między narażeniem na azbest krokidolitowy a pojawianiem się międzybłoniaków, niezależnie od produkowanych wyrobów, oraz sugeruje brak tego typu powiązań między ogólną ilością zużytego azbestu. Med. Pr. 2015;66(1):1–9
EN
Background: Asbestos dust is one of the most dangerous pneumoconiotic and carcinogenic agents. The aim of this study was to assess the occurrence of asbestosis and pleural mesothelioma, depending on asbestos consumption and the type of manufactured products, among former asbestos workers in Poland. Material and Methods: The study subjects included employees of 18 large state-owned asbestos processing enterprises operating in the Polish market in 1945–1998. The study is based on data obtained from asbestos company records and the Central Register of Occupational Diseases data on the cases of asbestosis and mesothelioma for the period from 1970 till 2012 as well as data from Amiantus Programme. The analysis was performed for 5 sectors comprising plants classified according to the products manufactured and applied production technology. Results: In the study period, 2160 cases of asbestosis and 138 cases of mesothelioma were reported. The plants processed a total of about 2 million tonnes of asbestos, including about 7.5% of crocidolite. Total asbestos consumption was a strong predictor of the rate of asbestosis incidence (R2 = 0.68, p = 0.055). The highest risk occurrence of asbestosis was observed in the production of textiles and sealing products. Mesothelioma occurred only in plants where crocidolite had been ever processed. Conclusions: Total asbestos consumption was a strong predictor of the rate of asbestosis incidence. The observation confirms the relationship between exposure to crocidolite and the occurrence of mesothelioma, regardless of the manufactured products, and suggests the absence of such a link for the total volume of asbestos consumption. Med Pr 2015;66(1):1–9
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