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EN
In the aftermath of the global financial crisis, the issue of how best to identify speculative bubbles remains in flux. This owes to the difficulty of disentangling irrational investor exuberance from the rational response to lower risk, based on price behavior alone. In response, I introduce a twopillar (price and quantity) approach for financial market surveillance. While asset pricing models comprise a valuable component of the surveillance toolkit, risk taking behavior, and financial vulnerabilities more generally, can also be reflected in subtler, non-price terms. Though policy makers will always encounter uncertainty when attempting to measure imbalances in financial markets, ‘perfect should not be the enemy of the good.’ In this spirit, the framework in this paper seems to capture some of the stylized facts of asset booms and busts, and thus could offer policy makers a practical guide as to when to consider leaning against the wind.
EN
The paper has reflected upon the literature that studies the relationships between time variations in liquidity, innovations in aggregate liquidity and how they affect the present and expected returns. There are presented different measures of liquidity, illiquidity as well as liquidity risk. The liquidity measures were implemented into asset pricing model. The correlation found between liquidity risk and stock markets returns was greater than the one between liquidity risk and factors typically used in asset pricing studies. To summarize, liquidity risk is an important determinant of expected asset returns.
PL
Opracowanie przedstawia, istniejące w literaturze światowej, rozmaite podejścia do zmienności płynności aktywów w czasie, jak też innowacje w pojęciu płynności zagregowanej oraz ich wpływ na rzeczywiste i oczekiwane wyniki z inwestycji. Przedstawione zostały różne miary płynności, a także ryzyka płynności. W opisywanej literaturze, miary płynności zostały wprowadzone przez autorów do modelu wyceny aktywów. Udowodniono, że korelacja między ryzykiem płynności i wynikami inwestycyjnymi jest wyższa niż w przypadku korelacji wyników z inwestycji z innymi czynnikami, często branymi pod uwagę w procesie wyceny wartości inwestycji. Ryzyko płynności jest więc istotną determinantą oczekiwanych wyników inwestycyjnych.
EN
In the first half of the 1970s Witold Kieżun, basing on the contributions of the Polish school of praxiology, presented his theory of pathology of organization. Recently in the book on pathology of transformation he attempted — in my view, unsuccessfully — to apply this theory to the analysis and evaluation of the process of systemic and especially economic transformation in Poland. In this paper I try to present apartial critique of his position. First, the theory of pathology organization, that is reconstructed in the first chapter of his last book, is largely incompatible with market conditions and as such it impedes the understanding of the working of organizations within the framework of market calculative environment — because of it I point to some defects of the said theory. Second, this theory has little in common with later description of pathology of transformation, that is based not on the theory of praxeology, but on the ideology of neocolonialism — therefore I present also acritique of basic propositions of this ideology. Third, Iindicate, basing on some case studies, that Kieżun’s selection of data in the description of privatization processes is largely biased — consid­ering the wider context allows us to understand that the scale of “pathologies” during privatization had to be much smaller than is suggested in the book. Fourth, Ipoint out that vague alternative pre­sented by Kieżun does not take into account the realities of transformation, although — as is implied in many passages of the book — he was well aware of them.
PL
Artykuł stanowi próbę empirycznej oceny możliwości zastosowania pięcioczynnikowego modelu Famy i Frencha w wyjaśnieniu przekrojowej zmienności stopy zwrotu z akcji na polskim rynku kapitałowym. Zgodnie z wynikami Famy i French, badanie to pokazuje, że kapitalizacja rynkowa przedsiębiorstwa, jego rentowność i towarzyszące czynniki ryzyka inwestycyjnego odgrywają ważną rolę w ocenie oczekiwanej stopy zwrotu z aktywów. Wielu badaczy poszukiwało od tego czasu alternatywnych modeli wyceny aktywów, które mogłyby służyć jako wzorcowy empiryczny model wyceny. Analiza przeprowadzona w tym artykule ma na celu sprawdzenie czy zrewidowany model pięcioczynnikowy, który obejmuje czynniki rentowności i inwestycji, jest w stanie złagodzić niektóre problemy modelu trójczynnikowego i może zostać włączony do wyjaśnienia przekroju stóp zwrotu z akcji notowanych na polskim rynku kapitałowym.
EN
This paper represents an attempt at empirically assessing the applicability of the Fama and French five-factor model in explaining the cross-sectional variation of stock return for the Polish market. Consistent with Fama and French results, this research shows that value, profitability and investment risk factors play an important role in assessing the expected return of an asset. Many researchers have since sought to identify alternative asset pricing models that could serve as the benchmark empirical asset-pricing model. It is hoped that the analysis conducted in this paper tests whether the revised five-factor model that incorporates the profitability and investment factors can address some of the issues of the three-factor model and could be incorporated in explaining the cross-section of stock returns for Poland.
EN
This study examines 16 country selection strategies based on inter-market value, size, momentum, quality and volatility effects. We investigate a sample of 78 countries for the period 1999-2014. Having considered country-specific dividend tax rates, market liquidity and openness for investment flows we can state that chosen strategy based on earnings to price ratio proves useful for investors. Momentum strategies should be approached with caution, as they appear effective only in small markets and may lead to loses in large markets. Selecting low leveraged and illiquid countries also proves beneficial. The relation between volatility displays different characteristics for open and closed economies.
EN
The aim of this work is the use of bootstrap methods for assessing of returns and risk of stock described by a small-to-moderate time series data. The paper presents the possibility of using bootstrap for testing the selected ICAPM application. We estimate systematic risk and risk premium components, depending on the fundamental risk factors. We compare bootstrap and classical asymptotic GLS results. The authors analyze quarterly returns of stocks listed on Warsaw Stock Exchange in 1995-2010. The full-sample observations are divided into two separate sub-periods: 1995-2004, the years preceding Poland's accession to the EU, and 2005-2010, the years of Poland's membership in the UE. The components of risk premium change in the second sub-period. Also, we test the multifactor-efficiency (ME) of the generated portfolios. GRS and asymptotic Wald tests reject ME. However, the bootstrapped Wald test does not reject ME for the tested cases. Using the tested ICAPM application to forming ME portfolios makes it possible to offer a number of useful guidelines for portfolio managers.
PL
Celem niniejszej pracy jest zastosowanie metod bootstrap do oszacowania stóp zwrotu i ryzyka akcji opisanych krótkimi szeregami czasowymi. Artykuł prezentuje możliwość zastosowania metod bootstrap do testowania wybranej aplikacji ICAPM. My szacujemy składowe ryzyka systematycznego i premii za ryzyko, w zależności od fundamentalnych czynników ryzyka. Porównujemy wyniki otrzymane metodami bootstrap i klasyczną uogólnioną metodą najmniejszych kwadratów. Analizie poddajemy kwartalne stopy zwrotu akcji notowanych na Giełdzie Papierów Wartościowych w Warszawie w latach 1995-2010. Wszystkie obserwacji dzielimy na dwa podokresy: 1995-2004 (okres poprzedzający wejście Polski do Unii Europejskiej) oraz 2005-2010 (okres członkostwa Polski w Unii Europejskiej). Składowe premii za ryzyko ulegają zmianie w drugim pod- okresie. My testujemy również wieloczynnikową efektywność (ME) generowanych portfeli. Test GRS oraz asymptotyczny test Walda odrzuca ME. Natomiast bootstrapowy test Walda, w żadnym badanym przypadku nie odrzuca ME. Zastosowanie testowanej aplikacji ICAPM do budowy portfeli wieloczynnikowo efektywnych pozwala na wyciągnięcie wielu użytecznych wskazówek dla zarządzających portfelami inwestycyjnymi.
EN
The study tests the performance of the CAPM, Fama-French three-factor and Carhart four-factor models on the Polish market. The computations base on listings of over 800 companies between April 2001 and January 2014. The paper documents strong evidence for the value and momentum effects, but only weak evidence for the size premium. I form portfolios double-sorted on size and book-to-market ratios, as well as on size and momentum, and I try to explain their returns with the above-mentioned asset pricing models. The CAPM model is rejected and the three-factor and four-factor models perform well for the size and B/M sorted portfolios, but fail to explain the returns on the size and momentum sorted portfolios. With the exception of the momentum factor, the local Polish factors are not correlated with their European and global counterparts, suggesting market segmentation. Finally, the international value, size and momentum factors perform poorly in explaining cross-sectional variation in stock returns on the Polish market.
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