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1

Skuteczność przelewu wierzytelności wobec osób trzecich innych niż dłużnik w krajowym i międzynarodowym obrocie handlowym

100%

Wowerka A.

Kwartalnik Prawa Prywatnego

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2020

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vol. 29

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issue 4

669-700

EN

The assignment of claims is the basis of many financial instruments used by entrepreneurs both in national and international trade in order to obtain liquidity and have access to credit, as in factoring and collateralisation, and in order to optimise the use of their capital, as in securitisation. The effectiveness of the above-mentioned instruments, and thus the development of commercial transactions, largely depends on ensuring the acquisition of legal title over the assigned claim. It is important for the assignee (for example, a factor, a collateral taker or an originator) as third parties could claim legal title over the same claim. The effects of an assignment vis-à-vis third parties and the determination of the rules of priority between parties asserting rights to the same claim is one of the most important issues in the system governing contractual transfer of claims and largely determines the effectiveness of this system. The national substantive laws provide different rules applicable to the resolution of the priority conflict between competing assignees. In this respect, the rules of the EU model law contained in the European Principles of Contract Law offer an interesting alternative. Nevertheless, different approaches of national laws to this issue have resulted in the failure to adopt a uniform mechanism used to determine priority at the level of international uniform substantive law with regard to international trade. In this respect, a compromise solution is provided by the UNCITRAL Convention on the Assignment of Receivables in International Trade, based on the application of the conflict of laws’ connecting factor and the substantive law applicable on the basis of an opt-in rule. The issue of the effects of an assignment vis-à-vis third parties is also being discussed at the level of private international law. Legal uncertainty as to which national law determines who owns a claim further to a cross-border transaction is not conducive to the cross-border transactions in claims. In the EU dimension, the postulate that the applicable law should be determined in a manner ensuring legal certainty and predictability was accepted in the European Commission’s proposal for a regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the law applicable to the third-party effects of assignment of claims. It looks like the uniform provisions contained in this regulation offer a mechanism that should at least contribute to reducing legal risk and facilitating access to cheaper credit, and, thus, increasing foreign investment, as well as strengthening and integrating financial markets.

2

A few words on the modification of the ruling in the part concerning compensatory damages

63%

Bróżek P.

Problemy Prawa Karnego

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2022

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vol. 6

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issue 2

1-18

EN

An important issue that requires in-depth consideration in the context of the issue of enforcement of judgments on the obligation imposed on the perpetrator to compensate for the damage inflicted or to make reparation for the harm suffered by the aggrieved party is the issue of the possibility to modify them (change the manner, scope or even revoke them) in enforcement proceedings. This raises the question: Is the executing authority entitled to make any changes (and if so, what changes) to the part of the judgment that concerns the obligation to compensate for the damage or harm suffered? Whether or not on the grounds of criminal law it is permissible to apply the institutions regulated in Article 453 of the CC, that is, datio in solutum (the essence of which consists in the fact that an obligation expires if the debtor, with the creditor’s consent, performs another service in order to be released from it), as well as in Article 509 of the Civil Code, the so-called assignment of claims (under which the creditor may, without the debtor’s consent, transfer a claim to a third party, unless this would be contrary to the law, a contractual stipulation or the nature of the obligation) and in Article 365 of the CC, that is, alternate obligations, or even in Article 506 of the Civil Code, that is, renewal (novation)? Whether and which amendments, if any, may be made by the court on the basis of Article 13(1) of the EPC? How much influence does the will of the aggrieved party or the will of the offender have on the manner in which such an obligation is to be performed and any modification thereof? The issues outlined are, among others, the subject of a broader analysis within this publication.

3

Kilka uwag o pojęciu klienta podmiotu rynku finansowego

51%

Młynarski T.

Prawo Asekuracyjne

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2018

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vol. 1(94)

34-49

PL

Artykuł zawiera analizę wybranych zagadnień związanych z definicją klienta podmiotu rynku finansowego, które są szczególnie ważne dla praktyki rynku ubezpieczeniowego. Przedstawiono w nim genezę i ratio legis pojęcia klienta podmiotu rynku finansowego. Omówiono też zawarty w ustawie o rozpatrywaniu reklamacji katalog zawierający wyliczenie osób, którym przysługuje ten status, w aspekcie dotyczącym rynku ubezpieczeniowego. W artykule podjęte zostały ponadto szczególnie problematyczne kwestie związane z ustaleniem kręgu osób, którym winno przysługiwać miano klienta podmiotu rynku finansowego, jak bezpośrednia likwidacja szkód, przejście praw z umowy ubezpieczenia oraz regres ubezpieczeniowy.

EN

The article contains an analysis of selected issues related to the definition of the customer of a financial market operator, which are of vital importance for the insurance market practice. The origins and ratio legis of the concept of the customer of a financial market organisation have been presented. Moreover, the author discusses a directory comprising the list of persons enjoying this status in terms of the insurance market, which is included in the Act on handling of complaints. Furthermore, the article raises particularly problematic issues connected with the determination of the circle of persons who should be treated as customers of financial market operators, such as direct claims settlement, assignment of rights under an insurance contract as well as insurance recourse.

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Skuteczność przelewu wierzytelności wobec osób trzecich innych niż dłużnik w krajowym i międzynarodowym obrocie handlowym

A few words on the modification of the ruling in the part concerning compensatory damages

Kilka uwag o pojęciu klienta podmiotu rynku finansowego