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1
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The Essence of Terrorism

100%
Zubrzycki W.
Internal Security
|
2020
|
vol. 12(1)
151-165
EN
The area of content to which the term “terrorism” refers is very broad and is also the subject of numerous studies. However, the results indicate significant discrepancies in the understanding of the term, resulting not only in an ambiguous perception, but above all in the lack of a generally accepted definition of the phenomenon. Researchers see it as an ideology, as well as a strategy, tactics or method of fighting, and finally as a tool for achieving the goals set. The validity of the meaning assigned to them has been verified by analysing the definitions of individual concepts, and in the search for the scope of meaning of the word terrorism, the terms that are indicated as its synonyms have also been used. The research conducted indicated political motivation as a feature distinguishing a terrorist from an ordinary criminal. Terrorists try to influence the power of a given country, also aiming at causing disturbances in its decision-making processes and, as a result, paralysing the state apparatus. The main characteristic of terrorism is the use of violence, which can take the form of any behaviour that results in the creation of a state of fear and danger in the human psyche. The purpose of terrorism is, therefore, to deliberately arouse and exploit fear, and its far-reaching psychological consequences go well beyond the immediate victims. Arousing fear in a society of the likelihood of a terrorist attack aims to force a government, organisation or social group to take or abandon certain actions. The adoption of such a tactic of action is an effect of disproportions, concerning both quantitative parameters of military potentials and factors determining the level of civilisation, and the differences lie in both the way of thinking and views, as well as the method of conducting a fight. In such a context, the power of terrorism comes from surprise, brutality and a task of the greatest possible loss in the shortest possible time, using unconventional methods. Unfortunately, the use of terrorist methods has become widespread and the threat of terrorism has become global.
2
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Terroryzm w czasach globalizacji. Przyczynek do rozważań nad wojnami czwartej generacji

63%
Posłuszna E.
Przegląd Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego
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2016
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vol. 8
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issue 15
174-187
PL
Punktem wyjścia do rozważań zaprezentowanych w niniejszym artykule jest pytanie, dlaczego coraz częściej w różnych typach konfliktów (lokalnych czy państwowych) przewagę zyskują słabi aktorzy. Autorka artykułu wskazuje najważniejsze czynniki, które przyczyniają się do takiego stanu rzeczy. Jej zdaniem próba odpowiedzi na pytanie postawione na początku artykułu musi z konieczności zawierać analizę przekształceń wpisujących się w paradygmat wojen czwartej generacji, do których doszło w obrębie struktur organizacyjnych ugrupowań ekstremistycznych i terrorystycznych pod wpływem rozwoju procesów globalizacyjnych i nowych technik komunikacyjnych. Istotą tych przekształceń jest decentralizacja, a jedną z jej konsekwencji jest współczesna taktyka swarmingu. Ta analiza stanowi treść niniejszego artykułu.
EN
The question why in various types of conflicts (local and national) the advantage is gained by the weak actors is the basis for the deliberations presented in this article. The author shows the most important factors responsible for the occurrence of such state of affairs. In her opinion, the attempt to answer that question must necessarily contain the analysis of the characteristic for the fourth-generation warfare paradigm transformations that took place in organizational structures of the extremist and terrorist groups due to the development of globalisation processes and new communication technologies. Decentralisation is the essence of these transformations, and one of its consequences is the modern tactic of swarming. These analyses are the subject of this article.
3
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State Security and Hybrid Warfare. An Interdisciplinary Approach

63%
Elak L., Zając P.
Przegląd Prawa Konstytucyjnego
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2020
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issue 6 (58)
429-448
EN
The article concerns the issues of state security both in legal terms and from the perspective of security science. In the first part, it presents a proposal for understanding the concept of state security based on the Polish Constitution. The article is also a contribution to the discussion on the correctness of terminology relating to the analyzed issue. The second part concerns the analysis of a new military phenomenon which is a hybrid war. The purpose of the considerations is to show its impact on state security.
PL
Artykuł dotyczy problematyki bezpieczeństwa państwa zarówno w ujęciu prawnym, jak i z perspektywy nauk o bezpieczeństwie. W pierwszej części przedstawia propozycję rozumienia pojęcia bezpieczeństwa państwa na gruncie Konstytucji RP. Artykuł stanowi również przyczynek do podjęcia dyskusji w zakresie poprawności terminologicznej odnoszącej się do analizowanego zagadnienia. Druga cześć dotyczy analizy nowego zjawiska militarnego jaki jest wojna hybrydowa. Celem rozważań jest ukazanie jej wpływu na bezpieczeństwo państwa.
4
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Asymmetry of the Albanian-Macedonian Military Conflict in 2001. Military Characteristics of the Fight in the Regions of Tetovo, Kumanovo, Aračinovo and Vaksince

63%
Krzak A.
Politeja : Pismo Wydziału Studiów Miedzynarodowych i Politycznych Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego
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2014
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issue 4(30)
295-316
EN
The aim of this paper is to present the circumstances and course of the Albanian‑Macedonian conflict in 2001, the political situation in Macedonia after 1991, the relationship between Macedonia and its western neighbour – Albania,Macedonian police and armed forcesand the structures of National Liberation Army (KLA) as well. The author presents a thorough analysis of the asymmetric action of the Albanian terrorists and security forces of Macedonia. It is emphasises that the Macedonian Albanians’ revolt began when the military and security forces of Serbia joined the operations against Albanian terrorists in southern Serbia. Additionally, the threat of destabilisation of the Macedonian state is still valid. Former KLA structures were only partially disassembled, a large amount of equipment and weapons was hidden. Despite of the numerous international initiatives and progressive (but also illusory) stability, the ethnic and political conflict has been deferred and it is only a matter of time for someone to reopen the Macedonian “Pandora’s box”. Moreover, the Security System of the Republic of Macedonia must be constructed so that at the start of the rebellion all subsystems could be able to counter the threat effectively. Therefore, it is necessary for Macedonia to cooperate between its security forces and neighbours as well as to build a military infrastructure, to be able to use it to manoeuvre troops and special forces.
5
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Rosyjsko-ukraiński konflikt 2014-2017 jako przykład wojny hybrydowej. Geneza, polityka, gospodarka

63%
klaczynski r.
Rocznik Bezpieczeństwa Międzynarodowego
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2017
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vol. 11
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issue 2
78-90
EN
The Russian-Ukrainian struggle (2014-2017) is a typical example of hybrid conflict with some elements characteristic for asymmetric ones. It is done on various platforms, often not connected to direct military efforts. In the analyze process one should focus on the variety of tools combined with a view to achieve particular strategic aims. The Russian Federation – which is now rebuilding its imperial position after political, military and first of all economical breakdown of late 20`th century – often uses tools characteristic for hybrid conflicts. The paper “Russian-Ukrainian conflict of 2014-2017 as an example of hybrid confrontation – genesis, politics, economy” focuses on clarifying the Russian reality-creating tools in the broad security area. It also describes current relations, abilities and limitations of the conflicted states and the possible future perspectives. One should notice that such analyze covers all conflicted parts that determines the dynamics of war proceedings.
PL
Rosyjsko-ukraińskie zmagania 2014-2017 są typowym przykładem konfliktu hybrydowego z elementami charakterystycznymi dla zmagań asymetrycznych. Jest on toczony na wielu płaszczyznach często bezpośrednio nie związanych z działaniami o charakterze militarnym. Dokonując analizy konfliktu należy zwrócić uwagę na szeroki wachlarz używanych środków w celu realizacji przyjętej strategii. Federacja Rosyjska, która po załamaniu politycznym, militarnym nade wszystko zaś gospodarczym mającym miejsce w ostatniej dekadzie XX wieku, obecnie odbudowuje swoją mocarstwową pozycję często wykorzystuje narzędzia charakterystyczne dla hybrydowego pola zmagań.
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