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Praxis in Left-Handers

100%

Króliczak G.

Kultura i Edukacja

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2013

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issue 6(99)

5-31

EN

Neuropsychological and neuroimaging evidence convincingly implicates the left cerebral hemisphere in the representation of skilled movements (praxis) in right-handers. Compelling and consistent data on the organization of praxis in left-handed individuals has only recently started to emerge. This new evidence, again both from neuropsychology and neuroimaging, supports the notion that in left-handers the neural substrate of praxis skills is less asymmetric, i.e., it is more bilaterally organized. Up until recently, though, the neuropsychological literature on brain-damaged left-handers was often dominated by descriptions of more or less atypical cases and dissociations of functions observed in such individuals. Associations of deficits, linked to anatomic proximity rather than to a common cerebral specialization, were rarely found worth publishing and/or in-depth discussions. This paper first reviews some of the most relevant and/or well-known reports on representations of different categories of skilled manual gestures in right- and left-handers, with a view to support the idea that these skills are mediated by a common system. Then, based on neuroimaging evidence from healthy subjects, a few individuals with unusual organization of praxis are discussed. These disparate cases quite likely represent natural variation in functional asymmetries. It is yet to be determined whether the effect of a more bilateral organization of cognitive skills in this population is just due to a much higher incidence of atypical representations of functions or rather a general tendency for all left-handers to have their brains less asymmetrically organized.

2

The Interregional Relationship Between the European Union and Latin America and the Caribbean

86%

Peña Guerrero R.

Stosunki Międzynarodowe - International Relations

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2020

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vol. 56

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issue 1

39-64

EN

The interregional relationship between the European Union and Latin America as well as the Caribbean in 2020 can be described as a ‘renewal’, given the relative loss of interest on both sides, which has prevailed in recent years. This relationship has a solid structure that has been built since the 1990s and it stands out from any other relationships between regions in the world. This study has four sections. The first one addresses the issue of the structure of the interregional relationship, which is characterised by asymmetry, but which does not fully represent the vertical-monolithic ‘North-South’ model. The second section focuses on the three strategic negotiating fronts that have been promoted: bilateral, subregional, and regional. The third section proposes the periodisation of the historical evolution of the relationship during its sixty years of existence, which went through four stages. Finally, in the conclusions I situate the interregional relationship in the framework of the ‘variable geometry’, imposed by the EU Strategy, which responds to the new ‘pragmatic’ approach to the EU’s foreign activities.

3

Hybrid Warfare and Deniability as Understood by the Military

58%

Gunneriusson H.

Polish Political Science Yearbook

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2019

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vol. 2 (48)

267-288

EN

Russia and China are terraforming the maritime environment as part of their warfare. In both cases the actions are illegal and the performance is offensive to its actual nature. In the case of China, the practice is construction of artificial islands in the South Chinese Sea and in the case of Russia it is about the infamous bridge built over the Kerch strait, Ukraine. Neither Russia nor China expects an armed conflict with the West in the near future. That is a reasonable assumption, which is weaponized at the political-strategically level. The attack of this weaponized situation is that the trust in the West. Primarily the EU (European Union) and NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), is eroded for every day which these countries challenges the international system which the western democracies say that they present and defend. China and Russia offer their authoritarian systems as a replacement and there are a lot of pseudo-democratic or even out-right authoritarian regimes on the sideline watching this challenge unfold. The article highlights the difference for the NATO-countries in logic of practice when it comes to the political social field on one hand and the military political field on the other hand. The article uses material from a previously unpublished survey made on NATO-officers then attending courses at NATO Defense College (NDC).

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Praxis in Left-Handers

The Interregional Relationship Between the European Union and Latin America and the Caribbean

Hybrid Warfare and Deniability as Understood by the Military