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EN
According to the Act on Voivodeship Self-Government, the chairman of the Audit Committee must be a member of the largest club of councilors. The fact, that submission of a candidacy meeting this requirement requires the approval of the largest political club, is determined by non-legal circumstances (political pragmatism), not normative ones. The composition of the committee must also comply with absolute statutory requirements. The author also points out that the paralysis of the audit committee due to the failure to appoint the chairman may lead to the suspension of the voivodeship self-government bodies and the establishment of a commissioner’s board on the basis of relevant rules.
EN
The purpose of the present study is twofold, to investigate the entrepreneurial intent of the university students, under consideration, and to chalk out with the factors (educational) to be considered for institutional support by the university under study. The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) questionnaire along with a separate sixteen items was administered in paper and pencil form only. Overall, 370 responses were collected from male & female both. The Data was analysed by applying correlations, linear and hierarchical regression and exploratory factor analysis (EFA). The results of the study reaffirm the theory of planned behaviour in Saudi context with a significant variance of 43.2 percent in explaining students’ entrepreneurial intent. However, In the present case it is found that Both attitude and perceived behavioral control are the significant predictors of Entrepreneurial intent. While, the subjective norm did not significantly predict the entrepreneurial intent. Moreover, the findings suggest a four steps generic model of institutional educational support for entrepreneurial nurturement to the local community.
EN
Statutory provisions regulating the functioning of local government do not include a prohibition regarding assuming the function of a member of an audit committee by a person married to a person holding the function of a head of commune, mayor, starost (head of a district board) or marshal of a voivodeship. Main regulations concerning counteracting conflicts of interest in a local government unit concern the prohibition of combining public functions, restrictions on taking up economic or commercial activities outside the sphere of public administration and exclusion of a councillor from voting, if a vote concerns his legal interest.
EN
Good corporate governance depends on well balanced relations between supervisory mechanisms in the corporate governance process. Relations between the supervisory board, as the internal supervisory mechanism, and external auditing, as the external supervisory mechanism, are crucial for the development of good corporate governance practice. This paper focuses on analyzing the relationship between the supervisory board and external auditing in order to determine the current state of that relationship in the Republic of Croatia and to determine possible guidelines for improving the relationship between the supervisory board and external auditing in practice. In addition, this study analyzes the relationship between the supervisory board and external auditing, which could lead to the maximum efficiency of both the supervisory board and external auditing and tests that relationship in practice using publicly traded companies in Croatia. This study also analyzes the impact of the audit committee on the efficiency of the supervisory board and external auditing.
EN
Purpose: The paper examines auditors’ experiences with corporate governance (CG) in general and audit committees (ACs) in particular in the setting of a Polish two-tier board system and a capital market characterized by high ownership concentration, which therefore extends the research on CG practices of an economy beyond the well-researched Anglo-American model. Methodology: This study adopts a qualitative research approach by using interview data from fifteen interviews with auditors working with large publicly-listed companies in Poland to examine the relationships among auditors, Audit Committees, and CG. Findings: The auditors indicate that the CG environment has changed. However, the institution alization of an AC in Poland generally is the subject of coercive isomorphic pressures, which lead to its decoupling and transition toward a ritualistic role. Moreover, auditors report only some reliance on CG information in the planning phase and none in the field-testing or review phases. Originality: The findings differ from those of prior studies conducted predominantly in the USA and the UK, in which auditors reported far greater reliance on CG in all phases of the audit process. The two possible reasons for this difference in findings could be the different development stages between capital markets and different CG systems.
EN
This study illustrates how control-ownership wedge impacts the monitoring role of the corporate board through the quality of audit services in Turkey. Turkey has made essential amendments in the field of external audit in order to enhance the quality of the financial report and integrate its own capital market with that of the EU. It would be of interest to examine the influence of these changes on clients' demand for high quality audit. The agency theory is integrated with the resource dependence theory to show that boards possess distinct incentives and ability to demand high quality audit to monitor management activities. Logistic regression and feasible generalized least squares (FGLS) were used for regression estimations. The results indicate that board demographics, cognitive and structural diversity of board of directors, audit committee characteristics and audit quality are complementary and control-ownership wedge weakens the relationship between them which is an unfavorable outcome for minority shareholders. Thus, this study proposes that regulators should increase law enforcement to enhance good corporate governance in Turkey to accommodate the unique features of wedge firms and provide a protected environment for minority shareholders.
EN
Purpose: This study investigates the determinants of audit committee (AC) formation in a semi-mandatory setting of a European economy, in which ownership and control are predominantly in the hands of families and business groups, and the voluntary practice of forming an AC has not been widely accepted. Methodology: This research uses a sample of Polish nonfinancial firms listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange (WSE) in 2008–2015. The study implemented logistic regression to test the role of the supervisory board (SB) and companies’ compositional characteristics in AC creation. Findings: Primary analysis provided evidence of an inverted association between commonly accepted determinants of AC formation – such as the number of independent members on the supervisory board (SB) – and accounting and finance expertise of the SB members. The study also revealed that companies with foreign ownership are more likely to have an AC. Originality: This study indicates an important relationship between the existence of other SB committees as a meaningful determinant of AC formation. This article is valuable for supervisory bodies and regulators as they provide insights into factors that influence audit committee formation.
PL
W spółkach kapitałowych (ksh) obowiązek nadzorowania i monitorowania procesu sporządzania i badania sprawozdań finansowych realizowany jest przez rady nadzorcze. W przypadku gdy spółka ma status jednostki zainteresowania publicznego (JZP), tworzone jest dodatkowe ciało, jakim jest komitet audytu. Porównanie kompetencji obu organów pozwala na stwierdzenie, że ich zadania i obowiązki się powielają. Jednak zgodnie z polskim prawem jedynie rada nadzorcza jako całość ma wyłączne, ustawowe kompetencje decyzyjne. Komitet nie może zatem zastępować rady, zaś jego funkcja ogranicza się do działalności doradczej i wspierającej działalność rady. Jednak dzięki niezależności i określeniu kwalifikacji członków komitetu, przewidywanym karom administracyjnym oraz enumeratywnie wymienionym kompetencjom i obowiązkom możliwy jest pełniejszy nadzór nad adekwatnością i skutecznością wszelkich systemów spółki w kontekście prawidłowości i rzetelności generowanych informacji, a tym samym wspomaganie bezpiecznego funkcjonowania JZP.
EN
In capital companies (CC) the obligation to supervise and monitor the process of preparing and auditing financial statements is carried out by the supervisory boards. If a company has the status of a public interest entity (PIE), an additional body is established, i.e. the audit committee. Comparing the competences of both bodies allows stating that their tasks and obligations are duplicated. However, in accordance with Polish law only the supervisory board, as a whole, has the exclusive, statutory decision-making powers. Therefore, the committee cannot replace the council, whereas its function is limited to advisory and supportive activities provided for the council. Independence and qualifications of the committee members, anticipated administrative fines and enumerated competences allow for the supervision over both adequacy and effectiveness of all systems in the context of the correctness and reliability of the generated information, and thus support the safe functioning.
EN
The new act on statutory auditors, audit forms and public oversight, which came into force in the first half of 2017, introduced important changes related to activities of audit committees supervisor board in public-interest entities. The implemented regulations strengthened the role of audit committees in monitoring of financial statements, audit process and internal control, and choice of audit firm. The Act clearly defined the professional competencies that are needed by the members of an audit committee. One of them should have knowledge of the branch, and at least one should have knowledge in accounting or in financial audit. This requirement will make substantive supervision better, and the financial market participants will trust published information more. The aim of the article is to present the role of accounting specialists, when they are the members of an audit committee. The article refers to the kinds of activities, with widely understood interest of the company and shareholders.
PL
Nowa ustawa o biegłych rewidentach, firmach audytorskich i nadzorze publicznym, obowiązująca od połowy 2017 r., wprowadziła istotne zmiany związane z funkcjonowaniem komitetów audytu rad nadzorczych w jednostkach zaufania publicznego. Ustawa bardzo wzmocniła rolę komitetów audytu w monitorowaniu sprawozdawczości finansowej, proce-sów audytu i kontroli wewnętrznej w spółkach oraz w wyborze firmy audytorskiej. Ten kie-runek zmian jest jak najbardziej pożądany. Celem artykułu jest prezentacja roli specjalistów z rachunkowości zasiadających w komitetach audytu rad nadzorczych w sprawowaniu nadzoru korporacyjnego. Odniesiono się do możliwych rodzajów aktywności takich specjalistów, mając na uwadze szeroko pojęty inte-res spółki, a więc i interesy akcjonariuszy. Autorka podkreśla, że w ustawie jednoznacznie określono kompetencje zawodowe, jakie powinni mieć członkowie komitetów audytu.
PL
Komisja Nadzoru Finansowego i Giełda Papierów Wartościowych w Warszawie od kilkunastu lat rekomendują stosowanie kanonów dobrych praktyk przez jednostki zainteresowania publicznego, określając pożądane szczegółowe zasady w ramach kilku merytorycznych obszarów tzw. ładu korporacyjnego. Praktyka dowodzi, że coraz większa liczba podmiotów systematycznie stosuje dobre praktyki, jednak niektóre z zalecanych praktyk są wyłączane ze stosowania. Wydaje się pożądane poszerzenie zasad ładu korporacyjnego o współpracę organów korporacyjnych z biegłym rewidentem. W rekomendowanych zasadach dobrych praktyk spółek giełdowych ten obszar jest potraktowany marginalnie. Zaleca się jedynie, aby komitet audytu monitorował i uzgadniał proces rewizji finansowej z biegłym rewidentem. Tymczasem komitety audytu są tworzone tylko w przypadku rad nadzorczych liczących więcej niż pięciu członków, a jak wynika z badań firmy Deloitte przeprowadzonych w 2016 r., rada nadzorcza statystycznej spółki giełdowej liczy właśnie pięciu członków. Należy również zwrócić uwagę, że zasady dobrych praktyk wskazują, by w składzie komitetu audytu była przynajmniej jedna osoba kompetentna w zakresie rachunkowości lub rewizji finansowej, a nie rekomenduje się takiej praktyki w mniej licznych radach. Oznacza to, że w znaczącej liczbie spółek giełdowych współpraca organów korporacyjnych z biegłym rewidentem jest ograniczona.
EN
Polish Financial Supervision Authority and the Warsaw Stock Exchange have for several years been promoting the rules of good practice and their use by public interest entities. Practice shows that more and more large entities systematically use good practices, with some exceptions. The article examines the cooperation that occurs between corporate organs of the companies and auditors, presenting it as an important factor in corporate governance. In the recommended principles this area is treated as being of secondary importance. For the audit committee, it is only monitoring and coordinating the process of auditing financial statements that are recommended. Auditing committees are created only when there are more than five members sitting on the supervisory board. However, the majority of Polish companies have five-member boards. The conclusion, therefore, is that cooperation between corporate management boards and auditors is very restricted.
PL
Gospodarka wodna jest nieodłącznym elementem życia i rozwoju nowo¬czesnych społeczeństw. Nieodłącznym elementem tej gospodarki są spółki wodne. W Polsce zagadnienia te są uregulowane w odpowiednich przepisach, a ich podstawę stanowi ustawa z dnia 18 lipca 2001r. prawo wodne . Spółki wodne jako forma działalności organizacyjnej, zostały ujęte już w ustawie prawo wodne z 1922r. Mają one więc swoje prawne umocowania od wielu lat. Znalazło to swoje odzwierciedlenie w prawie wodnym z 2001 r. W myśl przepisów tam zawartych urządzenia melioracyjne służące do nawad¬niania lub odwadniania gruntów utrzymywane są przez właścicieli gruntów lub inne podmioty, które odnoszą z tego tytuły korzyści. Dlatego dla usprawnienia i ulepszenia realizacji właściwego gospodarowania wodami i urządzeniami wodnymi przez właścicieli gruntów i wszystkich odnoszących ko¬rzyści tworzone są dobrowolne organizacje zwane spółkami wodnymi, które przejmują wykonywanie obowiązków związanych z utrzymywaniem urządzeń melioracji szczegółowych od zainteresowanych.
EN
Water economy is an inseparable part of life and modern societies development. An inseparable part of the water economy are water companies. In Poland such issues are organized by proper regulations and their basis is a legal act set up on the 18th of July, 2001, called Water Law. Water companies as a form of organized activity has been implemented in legal act Water Law since 1922 thus having been fixed for many years. It was reflected in in the Water Law in 2001. According to the legal regulations in the Water Law, the devices used for irrigation and desiccation of the arable lands are maintained by the land owners and other business entities who benefit from the usage of these lands. Therefore, for the improvement of the usage of water and water devices by land owners and other entities, voluntary organizations called water companies are set up. Water companies take over the responsibilities concerned with the land improvement from the people concerned.
EN
This paper looks at the procedure for appointing statutory auditors in the context of the role of the audit committee – a new quasi-corporate body of listed companies. The committee was established as one of the elements that were to ensure the transparency of listed companies, particularly as regards balance sheet issues. Therefore, it is meant to be a guarantor of the public interest, ensuring complete correctness of the financial reporting process, which comprises, among other things, the need to appoint an independent and objective external auditor. The authors investigate whether statutory auditor appointment procedures in a group of banks listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange meet the regulatory requirements and also – even more importantly – whether they really satisfy the demand for the protection of a specific public interest.
PL
W artykule analizowana jest procedura powoływania audytora zewnętrznego w kontekście roli komitetu ds. audytu – nowego quasi-organu korporacyjnego spółek publicznych. Komitet został ustanowiony jako jeden z elementów mających zapewnić przejrzystość spółek publicznych, szczególnie w zakresie sprawozdań finansowych. Oznacza to, że jest on gwarantem interesu publicznego, zapewniającym pełną poprawność procesu sprawozdawczości finansowej, która uwarunkowana jest odpowiednią procedurą powoływania niezależnego i obiektywnego audytora zewnętrznego. Autorzy badają, czy procedura powołania audytora zewnętrznego w grupie banków notowanych na Giełdzie Papierów Wartościowych w Warszawie spełnia wymagania regulacyjne oraz, co jest istotniejsze, czy w rzeczywistości spełniane są wymogi ochrony szczególnego interesu prawnego.
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