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EN
The article deals with the provisions of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland of 23 April 1935 as compared with constitutions of the authoritarian states of interwar Europe, which were republics. The scope of the analysis extends to the constitutions of: Albania — of 7 March 1925, Lithuania — of 15 May 1928 and 12 May 1938, Austria — of 30 April 1934, Portugal — of 19 March 1933, and Estonia — of 28 July 1937. The comparison covers constitutional provisions concerning the head of state, government and parliament and the relationship between the executive and the legislative powers. The comparison of the provisions of Poland’s constitution and respective provisions of the abovementioned constitution allows us to identify its place in this context and show specifi c traits of Polish constitution, especially those absent in other authoritarian constitutions of interwar Europe.
EN
The article deals with the provisions of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland of 23 April 1935 as compared with constitutions of the authoritarian states of interwar Europe, which were republics. The scope of the analysis extends to the constitutions of: Albania — of 7 March 1925, Lithuania — of 15 May 1928 and 12 May1938, Portugal — of 19 March 1933, Austria — of 30 April 1934 and Estonia — of 28 July 1937. The comparison covers constitutional provisions concerning the head of state, government and parliament and the relationship between the executive and the legislative powers. Detailed insight into the texts of those constitutions allows us to identify their common elements typical of an authoritarian state, primarily the position of the head of state, the hierarchy of President’s authorities and protection primacy of the executive in its relations with the legislative. At the same time, it makes it possible to identify particular differences in each of these constitutions, which are sometimes unique in its content, e.g. a strong position of the head of government in relation to the head of state (in Portugal and Austria), or implementing to a signifi cant extent the institution of direct democracy (in Estonia)
PL
Na przestrzeni dziejów tworzenie państwa konstytucyjnego było pierwszym doświadczeniem nowoczesnego państwa w Iranie. Zmiana stosunków władzy i ograniczenie władzy autorytarnej należało do najważniejszych kwestii państwa konstytucyjnego. Niniejsze badanie ma na celu zbadanie przyczyn przejścia od państwa konstytucyjnego do autorytarnego państwa biurokratycznego poprzez przyjęcie ram Laclau i Mouffe do analizy dyskursu politycznego. Metodologia badań jest opisowo-analityczna, przeprowadzona na podstawie danych bibliotecznych. Wyniki analizy pokazały, że rewolucja konstytucyjna przekształciła strukturę władzy i tradycyjne państwo, ale rewolucja konstytucyjna nie stworzyła nowego porządku. Pomimo przepisów prawnych, takich jak ukształtowanie parlamentu i konstytucja, państwo konstytucyjne nie było w stanie sprawować swojej władzy prawnej. Współistnienie tradycyjnych i reakcyjnych elementów, takich jak Chaninowie, przywódcy plemienni, populacje plemienne i właściciele zgodnie z elementami nowoczesnymi, intelektualiści i heterogeniczność rządzących elit politycznych, sprawiły, że rewolucja konstytucyjna nie była w stanie wywołać głębokich zmian polityczno-społecznych. W efekcie powstało szereg czynników wewnętrznych i zewnętrznych, takich jak kryzys finansowy, władza plemienna, traktat imperialistyczny z 1907 r., rozczarowanie elit politycznych, powstawanie sił odśrodkowych, niepewność i globalny chaos oraz rozwój krajów sąsiednich, różnorodność ideologiczna w zgodzie z geopolitycznym punktem widzenia były najważniejszymi czynnikami w przejściu do autorytarnego, biurokratycznego państwa Pahlawi oraz porażce procesu budowania narodu i upadku systemu polityczno-konstytucyjnego w Iranie.
EN
Throughout the history, the formation of the constitutional state has been the first experience of the modern state in Iran. The change in power relations and the restriction of authoritarian power were among the most important issues of constitutional state. The current study aims at investigating the reasons for transition from Constitutional state to an authoritarian bureaucratic state by adopting Laclau and Mouffe’s framework to political discourse analysis. Research methodology is descriptive-analytical conducted by library–based data. The results showed that the constitutional revolution transformed the power structure and traditional state, but the constitutional revolution failed to create a new order. Despite legal provisions such as the formation of the parliamentary system and the constitution, the constitutional state was unable to exercise its legal power. The co-existence of traditional and reactionary components such as the Khānins, tribal leaders, tribal populations and owners in line with modern elements, intellectuals and the heterogeneity of the ruling political elites made the constitutional revolution incapable of producing profound politico-social changes. As a result, a number of internal and external factors such as financial crisis, tribal power, the imperialist treaty of 1907,disillusionment of political elites, the formation of centrifugal forces, insecurity and global chaos and development of neighboring countries, diversity of ideological in line with geopolitical points of view have been the most important factors in the transition to the authoritarian bureaucratic state of Pahlavi and the failure of the nation – building process and the collapse of politico-constitutional system in Iran.
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