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Autonomous Vehicles – Challenges for the Insurance Industry

100%
Majewski P.
Olsztyn Economic Journal
|
2017
|
vol. 12
|
issue 1
67-77
EN
The objective of this article is to identify and analyse opportunities and threats for the insurance industry related to the popularisation of autonomous vehicles. The analysis uses the data and forecasts included in reports of independent research institutions, which forecast the tempo of development of autonomous vehicle technologies. In the following few years, the global model of transport is going to change as it will gradually move away from the model of possessing individual vehicles and towards using a fleet of autonomous vehicles depending on current needs. The fundamental motivation for changes will be safety, comfort and lower costs. A direct result of the technological revolution for the insurance industry is a reduction of the amount of paid compensation, which is related to the improvement in the safety of road traffic. However, the new model of individual transport is going to dramatically reduce the number of vehicles on roads, and therefore it will result in a significant drop in the income for insurers coming from selling vehicle insurance policies, which currently is one of the most significant sources of income for numerous markets.
2
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Autonomous Vehicles – a New Challenge to Human Rights?

88%
Iwan D.
Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review
|
2019
|
vol. 9
EN
New technologies, as autonomous vehicles are, disrupt the way people exist, and con-sequently with human rights. Research devoted to artificial intelligence and robotics moves freely and the destination, for the time being, is unknown. This is the reason why special attention should be paid to the ethics of these branches of computer science in order to prevent the creation of a crisis point, when human beings are no longer neces-sary.. The aim of this paper is to examine whether such development is a new challenge to human rights law and what happens when an autonomous vehicle drives an autono-mous human being. The paper also mentions the desirable level of human control over the machine so that human dignity, from which human rights originate, is preserved.
3
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Assistance devices and autonomous vehicles, or the fourth industrial revolution in the automotive industry. Reflections on criminal liability

88%
Pawelec K.
Cybersecurity and Law
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2021
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vol. 6
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issue 2
103-110
EN
The fourth technical revolution has undoubtedly become a fact. It has affected, and that to a large extent, the automotive industry. Motor vehicles provided with driver-assistance systems have appeared, such as those warning of obstacles, maintaining a safe distance from preceding vehicles, informing of a blind spot, or autonomously automatically adjusting speed, slowing down, following navigation, etc., the role of the driver only being to indicate the destination. However, should the driver have full confidence in those systems, and allow for the mistakes they make, and what impact will this have on their possible criminal liability? These are the issues raised in the publication, which at the same time points out that the legal systems are absolutely not adapted to modern technologies, artificial intelligence, or the assessment of so-called robot drivers.
4
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„TROLLEYOLOGY” AND AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES – MORAL AND LEGAL QUESTIONS ON THE APPLICATION OF THE DOCTRINE OF DOUBLE EFFECT

75%
Pődör L.
Central European Papers
|
2021
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vol. 9
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issue 1
69-82
EN
The paper focuses on a classical problem of ethics and law: the doctrine of double effect (DDE). Nowadays the doctrine is more and more popular since AI-technology and super- intelligent machines have been developing rapidly. Maybe autonomous vehicles’ most difficult dilemma is the following scenario: an autonomous car gets into an extreme road accident (collision) and the software should “decide” which direction-alternative to choose, but all of those possibilities end with death of human(s). This is a problem which requires a morally and legally justified answer. The principle emphasizes how to achieve a moral justification, what can be the classical cases of DDE and how to solve the most famous classical case, the trolley problem – which can be analogous to autonomous cars’ collision- case. The paper also higlights whether the doctrine is relevant from the perspective of legal justification and legal solutions, too.
5
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Detection of non-personal data leading to user identification, including related recommendations for the field of autonomous mobility

75%
Lokaj Z., Šrotýř M., Vaniš M., Janda I., Ščerba T.
Data a výzkum - SDA Info (Data and Research - SDA Info)
|
2023
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vol. 13
|
issue 4
388-407
EN
This paper introduces the issue of personal and non-personal data in autonomous vehicles. Its main objective is to provide a procedure for determining the processed and retained data, to explain the current legal regulation that must be met, and to propose appropriate recommendations for each data category. Current law (and the regulatory framework which it has produced) generally distinguishes between two basic types of data, i.e. non-personal data and personal data. The phenomenon that a combination of several pieces of non-personal data may, under certain circumstances2, result in processing of personal data, which is subject to significant regulation, is not limited solely to the field of autonomous mobility. This paper deals with data classification in autonomous vehicles, focusing on the challenging cases of non-personal data that can turn into personal data. The initial stage involves identifying the data to be processed, followed by the classification of the identified data. Based on this classification, relevant legal obligations and recommendations are described. The primary objective of this article is to provide guidance to data administrators (or, to use the terminology of data protection laws, data controllers) in autonomous mobility, enabling them to identify data and take appropriate measures to ensure compliance with legal regulations. The ultimate aim is to ensure that data controllers adhere to legal requirements, a goal that is critical for all data controllers. Beyond that, this article should be relevant also for other stakeholders in the autonomous mobility ecosystem, such as vehicle manufacturers and their suppliers, software application and service providers, and others.
6
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Autonomous vehicles as a challenge for the transport policy of the European Union

75%
Tomaszewski K.
Przegląd Europejski
|
2017
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vol. 2017 (46)(4)
76-95
EN
The article refers to the phenomenon of autonomous vehicles in the transport policy of the European Union. Their use in practice results in the need to implement new solutions in the fields of technology, law, economics and politics. The European Union is taking various steps to prepare the Member States for an autonomous revolution. The aim of the article is to conceptualise the basic problems that can be investigated in the subject matter of autonomous vehicles as well as to analyse the position and strategy of the European Union towards autonomous transport. The article uses the decision method. Among the research findings, it should be pointed out that the EU as an international organisation is open and prepared to address the challenges posed by the implementation of autonomous transport. It takes effective action to coordinate the application of new solutions at the national level (in the Member States) as well as at the transnational level. In this way, the transport sector has the chance to dynamically develop and maintain its prominent position as a key sector of the EU economy. The implementation of innovative transport solutions is a conditio sine qua non for the future of this sector.
7
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Driving locus of control: the Czech adaptation

63%
Gabrhel V., Ježek S., Zámečník P.
Československá psychologie (Czechoslovak Psychology)
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2021
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vol. 65
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issue 1
86-100
EN
Objectives.This study attempts to introduce the Driving Locus of Control (DLoC), a method focused on the internal or external source of at-tribution of the driving behaviour, to the Czech context. This study also relates DLoC to atti-tudes towards autonomous vehicles (AVs).Participants and setting.Out of the general population, 59 inquirers personally interviewed (CAPI) 1 065 respondents (49% women) in the age range between 15 and 92 years (M = 50, SD = 17). The respondents were sampled via multi-stage random sampling procedure, based on the list of addresses in the Czech Republic.Hypotheses.The authors hypothesised to rep-licate the original two-factor structure of the DLOC Scale and that the higher levels of inter-nal DLoC result in not considering the improve-ment in traffic safety as the AVs replace human drivers.Statistical analysis.Confirmatory factor analy-sis was used to analyse the factor structure of DLoC Scale. Hypotheses related to the empiri-cal validity of the method were assessed via structural equation modelling. Reliability of DLoC Scale was calculated in terms of internal consistency (McDonald coefficient).Results.Confirmatory factor analysis revealed reasonably good support for structural valid-ity of the one-dimensional DLoC-CZ15 factor model (χ2 = 426.967, df = 90, CFI = 0.964, TLI = 0.958, SRMR = 0.066, RMSEA = 0.065). In addition, the one-dimensional DLoC-CZ15 factor model showed acceptable internal con-sistency - ω = 0.9 (95% CI [0.89, 0.91]). The structural equation modelling found a relation-ship between DLoC and some of the items cap-turing attitudes towards AVs, too.Study limitations.The analysed data were ob-tained via interviews between respondents and inquirers. As a result, the study does not contain indicators of empirical validity measured by a methodologically different approach, such as an observation of driving behaviour.
CS
Problém. Tato studie uvádí Driving Locus of Control (DLoC), metodu zaměřenou na atribu-ovaný zdroj chování při řízení, do českého kon-textu. Dále pak tato studie ověřuje vztah DLoC k postojům k autonomním vozidlům (AV).Metoda. 59 tazatelů osobně oslovilo (metoda CAPI) 1 065 respondentů z obecné populace (49% žen) ve věkovém rozmezí od 15 do 92 let (M = 50, SD = 17). Respondenti byli vybráni pomocí vícestupňového náhodného výběru na základě seznamu adres v České republice.Hypotézy.Autořipředpokládali replikaci pů-vodní dvoufaktorové struktury škály DLoC. Současně předpokládali, že vyšší úroveň inter-ního DLoC nesouvisí s očekáváním zlepšení bezpečnosti provozu, když AV nahradí lidské řidiče.Analýza dat. K analýze faktorové struktury metody byla použita konfirmační faktorová analýza. Hypotézy týkající se empirické vali-dity metody byly ověřeny pomocí strukturního modelování. Reliabilita škály DLoC ve smyslu vnitřní konzistence byla vypočítána pomocí Mc-Donaldova koeficientu.Výsledky. Konfirmační faktorová analýza při-nesla adekvátní podporu strukturní validity jednorozměrného faktorového modelu DLoC--CZ15 (χ2 = 426,967, df = 90, CFI = 0,964, TLI = 0,958, SRMR = 0,066, RMSEA = 0,065). Navíc jednorozměrný faktorový model DLoC--CZ15 vykázal přijatelnou vnitřní konzistenci – ω = 0,9 (95% CI [0,89; 0,91]). V rámci struktur-ního modelování byla zjištěna souvislost mezi DLoC a částí položek zachycujících postoje k AV.Limity studie.Analyzovaná data byla získána prostřednictvím rozhovorů mezi respondenty a tazateli. V důsledku toho studie neobsahuje indikátory empirické validity měřené metodolo-gicky odlišným přístupem, například pozorová-ním chování při řízení.
8
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PRAWO WŁAŚCIWE DLA ODPOWIEDZIALNOŚCI ZA SZKODĘ SPOWODOWANĄ PRZEZ WYPADKI DROGOWE Z UDZIAŁEM AUTONOMICZNYCH POJAZDóW

51%
Świerczyński M., Żarnowiec Ł.
Zeszyty Prawnicze
|
2019
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vol. 19
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issue 2
101-135
EN
This paper elaborates on the law applicable to liability for damage caused by road accidents involving autonomous vehicles. We analyse and criticise the existing conflict-of-law framework adopted in the Rome II Regulation and both Hague Conventions of 1971 and 1973. Te aspects we examine include classification of damage and liable entities. Te examination of these legal acts shows that the existing model is very complex and complicated. We present potential changes to the conflict-of-law regulation, having in mind the need to protect the injured person. These changes would allow for a more individual consideration of specific cases and may lead to a more satisfactory outcome of ensuing disputes.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł dotyczy odpowiedzialności za szkodę spowodowaną przez wypadki drogowe z udziałem autonomicznych pojazdów. Przedmiotem analizy i krytyki jest regulacja kolizyjnoprawna przyjęta w rozporządzeniu Rzym II oraz obu konwencjach haskich z 1971 i 1973 r. Badane aspekty obejmują klasyfikację szkód i odpowiedzialnych podmiotów. Po zbadaniu tych aktów prawnych staje się jasne, że istniejący model kolizyjno prawny jest bardzo złożony i skomplikowany. W rezultacie autorzy przedstawiają możliwe zmiany w przepisach kolizyjnych, mając na uwadze potrzebę ochrony osoby poszkodowanej. Pozwoli to na bardziej indywidualne rozpatrzenie danego przypadku i może doprowadzić do lepszego rozstrzygnięcia sporów. Wyniki mogą być przydatne dla oceny algorytmów sztucznej inteligencji w prawie prywatnym międzynarodowym.
9
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Autonomous cars and their decisions

51%
Szymborska D., Szymborska D.
Przegląd Filozoficzny. Nowa Seria
|
2020
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issue 3
10

Autonomous vehicles as a challenge for the transport policy of the European Union

51%
Tomaszewski K.
Przegląd Europejski
|
2017
|
issue 4(46)
76-95
EN
The article refers to the phenomenon of autonomous vehicles in the transport policy of the European Union. Their use in practice results in the need to implement new solutions in the fields of technology, law, economics and politics. The European Union is taking various steps to prepare the Member States for an autonomous revolution. The aim of the article is to conceptualise the basic problems that can be investigated in the subject matter of autonomous vehicles as well as to analyse the position and strategy of the European Union towards autonomous transport. The article uses the decision method. Among the research findings, it should be pointed out that the EU as an international organisation is open and prepared to address the challenges posed by the implementation of autonomous transport. It takes effective action to coordinate the application of new solutions at the national level (in the Member States) as well as at the transnational level. In this way, the transport sector has the chance to dynamically develop and maintain its prominent position as a key sector of the EU economy. The implementation of innovative transport solutions is a conditio sine qua non for the future of this sector.
PL
Artykuł odnosi się do zjawiska obecności pojazdów autonomicznych w polityce transportowej Unii Europejskiej. Ich wykorzystanie w praktyce oznacza potrzebę wdrożenia nowych rozwiązań zarówno w sferze technologii, prawa, ekonomii oraz polityki. Unia Europejska podejmuje różnorodne działania, aby przygotować państwa członkowskie do autonomicznej rewolucji. Celem artykułu jest zarówno konceptualizacja podstawowych problemów, które mogą być przedmiotem badań w zakresie tematyki pojazdów autonomicznych, jak również analiza stanowiska i strategii Unii Europejskiej wobec transportu autonomicznego. W artykule wykorzystano metodę decyzyjną. Wśród ustaleń badawczych należy wskazać, iż UE – jako organizacja międzynarodowa – jest otwarta i przygotowana, aby skutecznie stawić czoła wyzwaniom związanym z wdrażaniem transportu autonomicznego. Podejmuje ona efektywne działania, aby koordynować aplikację nowych rozwiązań na poziomie narodowym (w państwach członkowskich) oraz na poziomie ponadnarodowym. W ten sposób sektor transportowy ma szansę na dynamiczny rozwój i utrzymanie swojej znaczącej pozycji jako kluczowego działu gospodarki Unii Europejskiej. Wdrażanie innowacyjnych rozwiązań w zakresie transportu stanowi conditio sine qua non przyszłości tego sektora.
11
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Sztuczna inteligencja – przedmiot badań czy podmiot kontrolowany. Prawo wobec rozwoju technologii

51%
Robaczyński W.
|
2022
|
vol. 67
|
issue 6 (407)
8-29
EN
Development of artificial intelligence is a fact. Beyond doubt, we will be witnessing its constant progress over the next years. It is hard to say now where this progress will ultimately lead, but it is not an exaggeration to expect (and sometimes also to fear) that artificial intelligence will significantly change our lives in many areas: social, economic, and even personal. This allows us to reflect on various aspects of artificial intelligence development. Artificial intelligence can be used by humans to advance, but there are several significant threats attached to it. These mainly result from difficulties with controlling the processes and decisions suggested, supported or even created by artificial intelligence systems. For every observer and participant of social life, not only for a lawyer, it comes as the basic issue to put it in an appropriate framework of a democratic state. That is why the majority of considerations revolving around artificial intelligence and robotics (apart from strictly information technology related and technical issues) are related to the current and future legal solutions. These focus, in the first place, on liability – mostly the civil law liability – for damages, which is to ensure appropriate protection standards. Due to the broad scope of potential activities of artificial intelligence, we should expect that the issues related to its implementation, and later operations, will also become an area of the interest of Supreme Audit Institutions, including NIK. The article presents the impact of artificial intelligence on audit subjects.
PL
Dla obserwatora i uczestnika życia społecznego, nie tylko prawnika, podstawową kwestią w obliczu nowych zjawisk jest ujęcie ich w ramy właściwe dla państwa demokratycznego. Z tego względu większość rozważań na temat sztucznej inteligencji i robotyki (poza zagadnieniami ściśle informatycznymi i technicznymi) dotyczy ich działania w ramach obowiązujących i przyszłych rozwiązań prawnych. Koncentrują się one przede wszystkim na problemach odpowiedzialności, w tym cywilnoprawnej za szkody – chodzi o zapewnienie odpowiednich standardów ochrony. Rozważania można prowadzić również w odniesieniu do wielu innych aspektów regulacji prawnej, np. własności intelektualnej w kontekście powierzenia sztucznej inteligencji tworzenia dzieł o znamionach twórczości, udzielania świadczeń zdrowotnych przez roboty medyczne w procesie diagnostyki i terapii, kwalifikowania zgłaszanych inicjatyw do dofinansowania ze środków publicznych. Szczególnie wrażliwym obszarem jest funkcjonowanie szeroko rozumianego wymiaru sprawiedliwości. Ze względu na zakres potencjalnego działania sztucznej inteligencji można się spodziewać, że zagadnienia związane najpierw z wdrażaniem, a potem jej funkcjonowaniem staną się przedmiotem zainteresowania organów kontroli, w tym Najwyższej Izby Kontroli. W artykule przybliżono wpływ rozwoju sztucznej inteligencji na przedmiot badań kontrolnych.
12
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Gry jako moralne laboratorium. Gamifikacja dylematów moralnych bezzałogowych samochodów

45%
Maćkiewicz B., Mamak W.
Replay. The Polish Journal of Game Studies
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2018
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vol. 5
|
issue 1
7-25
EN
The aim of this paper is to identify potential dangers and benefits of investigating moral intuitions about the autonomous vehicles (AVs), using gamified research tools. We argue that computer games facilitate constructing more ecologically valid experiments. Due to the increased validity, the experimental outcomes can represent the real-life mechanisms of decision-making more faithfully. Data extracted in this manner could be used in implementation of ‘moral modules’ in AVs built in the real world. In our paper we analyze selected experimental setups that use game-like elements and assess them in the light of current literature regarding the algorithmization of ethics and implementability of ethical frameworks in machines. We also show how this problem can be interpreted in an overarching conceptual scheme of Floridi’s ‘information ethics’.
PL
Celem artykułu jest zidentyfikowanie potencjalnych korzyści oraz zagrożeń związanych z badaniem dylematów moralnych dotyczących autonomicznych pojazdów za pomocą gier i zgamifikowanych narzędzi badawczych. Gry komputerowe dają naszym zdaniem możliwość skonstruowania bardziej ekologiczne trafnych eksperymentów. Dzięki zwiększonej trafności, wyniki eksperymentów mogą lepiej odzwierciedlać rzeczywiste mechanizmy podejmowania decyzji moralnych. Dane w nich uzyskane mogą posłużyć w implementacji „modułów moralnych” w bezzałogowych pojazdach. W artykule analizujemy wybrane eksperynty wykorzystujace elementy gier komputerowych. Analizy te zestawiamy z dostępnymi w literaturze podejściami do problemu algorytmizacji etyki oraz implementacji moralności w autonomicznych maszynach. Pokazujemy również, jak można wpisać ten problem w bardziej ogólny schemat „etyki informacji” zaproponowany przez Floridiego.
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