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EN
The author compiled the findings of representative CBOS research conducted at the end of 2005 and the beginning of 2011. The research concerned the attitude of Poles towards John Paul II. For the vast majority of Poles John Paul II remains a special and outstanding figure, almost everyone appreciates his services to the world and his homeland. Equally important is the influence of the blessed Pope (soon probably a saint) on the religious life of his compatriots. He is still not only the object of national pride, but also a guarantor of vitality of the Polish Catholicism, a role model and the highest religious authority. The attitude of Poles towards “their own Pope” is intensely emotional. Especially the people who met him personally declare a strong bond and the willingness to follow his teaching in their lives. However, the respondents who failed to meet the Pope hold him in high esteem as well. It is difficult to anticipate whether Poles will maintain high rates of religiousness. Certainly, cultivating the memory of John Paul II will impact on the religious life of believers. The sociologists realize some secularization processes are inevitable, especially among young Poles, affected by strong tendencies of the secular, consumer and postmodern culture. Even nowadays, over 40% of respondents refuse to identify themselves with the teaching of the Catholic Church. Young Poles (18–24 year olds) in comparison with other age groups are the least interested in religion and the teaching of John Paul II. Additionally, they often tend to “believe in their own way”, increasingly distancing from the Christian doctrine. It is not an optimistic prediction for the future from the point of view of “the vitality of the Polish Catholicism”.
PL
Utrwalona w przekazie dogmatu o nieomylności papieża pozycja biskupa Rzymu w świecie chrześcijańskim możliwa jest do zobaczenia na obrazku religijnym. Jego ikonografia nie tylko informuje o atrybutach papiestwa, ale również symbolicznie pokazuje władzę i autorytet następcy św. Piotra. Jednak współcześnie w coraz większym stopniu postępuje profanizacja urzędu nauczycielskiego Kościoła, który przejmuje świeckie formy rytuału i odwołuje się w przekazie bardziej do aspektów emocjonalnych niż do dogmatyki wiary. Tym samym głowa Kościoła katolickiego w coraz większym stopniu staje się idolem, a nie prze- wodnikiem religijnym; celebrytą, a nie duchowym autorytetem. Postępuje kreacja nowego wzoru papiestwa: przywództwa jednego z nas, kierownictwa mianowanego, niewybieranego bezterminowo. Stawia to przyszłość obrazków religijnych z watykańskim imprimatur pod znakiem zapytania, gdy ich dewocyjne przeznaczenie i sakralna wymowa ostatecznie zanikną.
EN
Assured by the transmission of the dogma of papal infallibility, the position of the Bishop of Rome in the Christian world is clear to see in religious images. Its iconography not only informs us about the attributes of the papacy, but also symbolically shows the authority of St. Paul and his successor Peter. However, the profaneization of the teaching ofce of the Church, which takes over the secular forms of ritual, is increasingly exacerbated, and refers more to the emotional aspects than the dogmas of the faith. Thus, increasingly the head of the Catholic Church has become an idol, not a religious leader, a celebrity, not a spiritual authority. The creation of a new papacy pattern follows: the leadership of one of us, appointed leadership, not elected without a deadline. This puts the future of religious imagery from the Vatican imprimatur under the question of when their devotional destiny and sacred word will eventually disappear.
Nurt SVD
|
2017
|
issue 1
56-68
PL
Od śmierci Muhammada umma borykała się z problemem wyłonienia powszechnie akceptowanego przywódcy. Spór ten musiał jednak zakończyć się jakimś konsensusem. Pierwszym rozwiązaniem był okres tzw. kalifów wybieralnych, przez większość akceptowanych ze względu na ich bliskość czasową z Prorokiem i świadectwo życia. Późniejszą praktyką stał się dziedziczny kalifat Umajjadów, a następnie Abbasydów. Instytucja ta zakończyła się wraz z upadkiem Bagdadu w 1258 roku. Wielokrotnie podejmowano bezowocne próby reaktywacji kalifatu, który w ostateczności został zniesiony w 1924 roku. Dziś wraca się do tej idei. Ogłoszony w 2014 roku kalifem Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, przywódca Państwa Islamskiego (ISIS), jest dosyć zagadkową postacią i jednym z najbardziej niebezpiecznych przywódców terrorystycznych na świecie. W kontekście jego osoby pojawiają się pytania dotyczące kryteriów i ważności dokonania tego wyboru, jak również zasadności innych muzułmańskich form sprawowania władzy.
EN
After the death of Muhammad, the ummah had a problem how to select one universally accepted leader. For some time, they were elected by the majority of Muslims for their worthy conduct and friendship with the Prophet. These were the elected caliphs. Later, the caliphate became hereditary, hold first by the Umayyads, and then the Abbasids. The caliphate ended with the fall of Baghdad in 1258. There have been many fruitless efforts to reestablish caliphate. It was ffinally abolished in 1924. Today, some reanimate the idea of caliphate. Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, declared caliph in 2014, head of the Islamic State (ISIS), is quite a puzzling person, one of the most dangerous global terrorist leaders. There are some questions concerning the criteria and validity of his election and legitimacy of other Muslim forms of authority.
EN
Among various anthropological questions religion surely takes the central position. The author of the article tries to show C. Geertz’s conception of religion as the background of evolutionist and functional debates about it. He departs from perceiving religion in the categories of a social fact towards treating it as a system of symbols. The model suggests a certain closed circulation of connected elements: ethos and worldview, mutually confirming each other. Worldview is an element of the natural structure of the world. This suggests that it is the only possible and natural way of acting and perceiving the world, consolidated by religious and emotional experience that is an element of the ritual. In the situation of social change religious symbols seem to lose their influence, turning into various forms of ideology – a phenomenon Geertz called “ideologization of religion”. This is done owing to the victory of “commonsensical cognition” over religious cognition. By the very fact the religious lifestyle – “religiousness” – is transformed into “religious-mindedness”. The struggle between them is the “struggle for reality”.
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