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Powinność i obowiązek

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EN
The interest of the author is in the tangled fates of two synonymous, and partially univocal words in the title: powinność ‘duty’ and obowiązek ‘obligation’. The author follows the two words’ quantitatively and semantically different, but always interwoven presence in the history of the Polish language, using dictionary data and, for contemporary times, data from the National Corpus of Polish. After an initial predominance of powinność, from the 18th century on, obowiązek takes the lead quantitatively, while powinność gradually becomes more clearly linked with the meaning of ‘serious internal moral obligation’ and formal language, leaving to obowiązek mainly the field of legal and administrative duties, and thereby the official style. Nonetheless, a complete semantic and stylistic separation of these two synonymous words has not as yet happened.
EN
The article draws on the concept of Law & Literature. The aim of the research is to indicate how the formation of the image of childhood changes in three laws on education from 1918-2018: The Act of 11 March 1932 on the education system, the Act of 15 July 1961 on the development of the education and upbringing system and the Act of September 1991 on the education system. The author analyzes to what extent the child in the above-mentioned legal acts is treated in an objective manner, and to what extent in a subjective manner. Using axiolinguistics, she tries to prove that the image of childhood inscribed in each of the texts is connected with the ideological aims of the authorities and their conception of the state. This thesis is related to the various regimes that prevailed in the Polish lands in the indicated century.
PL
Artykuł nawiązuje do koncepcji prawa i literatury. Celem badań jest wskazanie, w jaki sposób zmienia się kształtowanie obrazu dzieciństwa w trzech ustawach o szkolnictwie z lat 1918-2018: Ustawy z dnia 11.03.1932 r. o ustroju szkolnictwa, Ustawy z dnia 15.07.1961 r. o rozwoju sytemu oświaty i wychowania oraz Ustawy z dnia 9.09.1991 r. o systemie oświaty. Autorka analizuje, w jakim stopniu dziecko we wskazanych aktach prawnych jest traktowane w sposób przedmiotowy, a w jakim stopniu w sposób podmiotowy. Wykorzystując aksjolingwistykę, próbuje dowieść, że obraz dzieciństwa wpisany w każdy z tekstów jest związany z celami ideologicznymi władzy oraz założoną przez nią koncepcją państwa. Teza ta wiąże się z różnymi ustrojami, które panowały na ziemiach polskich we wskazanym stuleciu.
EN
This article focuses on comparative characteristics of associative images of female and male saints. The study was aimed to reconstruct and compare associative representations. The respondents were 80 students of Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań. The methods used in the study included a “but-test” (X is A, but…) and a free association test. The data collected (received from respondents) for a saint-woman demonstrate that she is frequently attributed with features such as e.g., humble, merciful, virtuous/chaste, while a saint-man is typically presented as: strong, principal, adamant. The image of a female and male saint may strongly depend on the general image of a woman and man (respectively). According to the participants of the present study, both female and male saints have common attributes. Features of a saint include: goodness, altruism, helpfulness, devotion to God and faith, making miracles, courage, high-mindedness, serenity and humility.
EN
The author of the article presents the review of the monograph written by Ewa Gorlewska. The monograph is based on research methods used in linguistics. E. Gorlewska classifies her book to the “language of values” (axiolinguistics). The author of the review simultaneously assigns it to constitutional juryslinguistics. The monograph consists of two parts. The first one contains an analysis of dictionary and textual meanings of the names of constitutional values. The second presents their colloquial understanding by young Poles. E. Gorlewska argues that the textual meanings of constitutional values differ from its colloquial understanding by twenty-year-olds and claims that there are some differences between the constitutional hierarchy of values and the hierarchy of values of young people. The author of the article finds the monograph very valuable, interesting and of significant importance for constitutional law.
Język Polski
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2021
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vol. 101
|
issue 3
33-46
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu jest opis wybranych współczesnych znaczeń czasownika szanować się. Analizie poddano 732 zdania, wyselekcjonowane spośród przykładów dostępnych w korpusach tekstowych. Zebrany materiał podzielono na 6 grup, zróżnicowanych ze względu na kontekst (związki partnerskie i seks, sposób bycia, przestrzeganie zasad, wartości) i sposób użycia (warunkowe, metatekstowe). W analizie znaczenia (jakościowej i ilościowej) uwzględniono dodatkowo właściwości pragmatyczne (typ odbiorcy, funkcja nadawcy) oraz gramatyczne (formy rozkazujące, konstrukcje z czasownikami modalnymi, zdania z negacją). Na tej podstawie określono, co mają na myśli współcześni użytkownicy polszczyzny, używając czasownika szanować się.
EN
The subject of the article is a description of selected modern meanings of the verb szanować się ‘to have self-respect’. The analysis covered 732 sentences selected from among the examples available in the text corpora. The collected material was divided into 6 groups, differentiated by context (partnerships and sex, way of being, adherence to rules, values) and the way of use (conditional, metatextual). In the analysis of meaning (qualitative and quantitative), pragmatic properties (recipient type, sender’s function) and grammatical properties (imperative forms, structures with modal verbs, sentences with negation) were additionally taken into account. On this basis it was determined what modern speakers of the Polish language mean when using the verb szanować się.
EN
In this article, the object of analysis is the metaphorical representation of concepts-values from the mental sphere in the Old Polish and Middle Polish periods. In Old Polish and Middle Polish texts, abstract concepts are approached in a metaphorical manner, and some source domains recur relatively frequently. Such metaphors are used in reference to concepts which belong to various spheres. The analysis takes into con-sideration metaphors which are clearly discernible in short fragments, metaphors which are linguistically marked by words semantically associated with the source domain, metaphors which are at the same time in the close vicinity of the lexeme representing a given value, and metaphors which recur in texts by various authors. The present article is devoted to metaphorical representations of concepts-values in the Old Polish and Middle Polish periods in the category of clothing, a source domain which is drawn from the world of culture, e.g. Bo ieszcze ten każdy jest wzdy dobrey nadzieie / Kto nad insze vbiory cżnotą sie odżieie (RejJoz G2; SXVI); Znamienity ubior cnota./ Lepszy niźli bryła złota (Petr.Ek.18; L). In the early Polish language, concepts belonging to various spheres of life were expressed by the means of the category of clothing: ethical and social values, as well as anti-values (negatively marked concepts which have to do especially with the sphere of morality) therefore the metaphor A CONCEPT IS CLOTHING was used to represent concepts regardless of their evaluation presented in a text. The choice of clothing as the source domain to represent concepts from the mental sphere is justified biologically by basic human need and culturally by its presence in the Bible and its social function. It seems that it is a conceptual metaphor in the sense of cognitive linguistics, one that is deeply rooted in the human way of thinking and culturally corroborated. Its use in the representation of concepts which are not very clearly defined in the Old Polish and Middle Polish periods was supposed to portray these concepts and to popularize them, especially in the case when such language was used in moralistic writings. The article is an attempt to answer the question about the connection between metaphorisation and the axiological dimension of concepts.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł poświęcony jest metaforycznym przedstawieniom pojęć-wartości ze sfery mentalnej w dobie staro- i średniopolskiej. Pojęcia abstrakcyjne są w dawnych tekstach ujmowane metaforycznie, a pewne domeny źródłowe powtarzają się stosunkowo często. W analizie wzięto pod uwagę jedynie metafory wyraziście widoczne w krótkich fragmentach, zaznaczone językowo przez wyrazy związane semantycznie z domeną źródłową, będące jednocześnie w bliskim sąsiedztwie leksemu reprezentującego daną wartość i powtarzające się w tekstach różnych autorów. Przedmiotem analizy są metaforyczne ujęcia dawnych pojęć-wartości w kategorii odzieży, domeny źródłowej zaczerpniętej ze świata kultury, np. Bo ieszcze ten każdy jest wzdy dobrey nadzieie / Kto nad insze vbiory cżnotą sie odżieie (RejJoz G2; SXVI); Znamienity ubior cnota./ Lepszy niźli bryła złota (Petr.Ek.18; L). W dawnej polszczyźnie metafora POJĘCIE TO UBRANIE była stosowana do przedstawienia pojęć z różnych sfer mentalnych niezależnie od ich oceny. Wybór odzieży jako domeny źródłowej metafor ma podwójne uzasadnienie – z jednej strony biologiczne, wynikające z podstawowej potrzeby człowieka, z drugiej zaś kulturowe – ubiór pełni funkcję społeczną, ugruntowaną długą tradycją. Zastosowanie głęboko zakorzenionej w ludzkim sposobie myślenia i potwierdzonej kulturowo metafory ubioru do przedstawienia pojęć niezbyt jasno zdefiniowanych w czasach staro- i średniopolskich miało na celu ich zobrazowanie i przybliżenie, zwłaszcza w pismach moralizatorskich. Metafora POJĘCIE (wartość lub antywartość) TO UBRANIE należy do mniej trwałych – dość popularna dawniej, współcześnie niemal nie występuje, a większość realizujących ją leksemów wyszła lub wychodzi z użycia. Artykuł jest także próbą odpowiedzi na pytanie o wpływ metafory na wartościowanie pojęć – czy metafora może nadawać wartość pojęciu, czy jedynie podkreśla wartość już ustaloną.
EN
In the present article the object of analysis is the metaphorical representation of concepts-values from the mental sphere in the Old Polish and Middle Polish periods. In Old Polish and Middle Polish texts abstract concepts are approached in a metaphorical manner, and some source domains recur relatively frequently. Such metaphors are used in reference to concepts which belong to various spheres. The analysis takes into consideration metaphors which are clearly discernible in short fragments, metaphors which are linguistically marked by words semantically associated with the source domain, metaphors which are at the same time in the close vicinity of the lexeme representing a given value and metaphors which recur in texts by various authors. The present article is devoted to metaphorical representations of concepts-values in the Old Polish and Middle Polish periods in the category of a plant – a source domain which is drawn from the world of nature on the basis of attestations which contain the lexeme korzeń [root], e.g. Tyś prawey czystoty korzeń XV p. pr. (R XIX 42 – Sstp); Bowiem dobrych ſpraw chwálebny vżytek/ y ktory nie ginie korzeń mądrośći (Leop Sap 3/15; SXVI. In the early Polish language concepts which belong to various spheres of life were embraced by the means of the category of a plant – ethical and rustic (or vital) values, as well as anti-values – negatively marked concepts which have to do especially with the sphere of morality – therefore the metaphor a concept is a plant was used to represent concepts regardless of the evaluation which was ascribed to them. The choice of a plant as the source domain to present concepts from the mental sphere is justified by man’s day-to-day experience of nature. It seems that it is a conceptual metaphor in the sense of cognitive linguistics, one that is deeply-rooted (nomen omen) in the human way of thinking and culturally corroborated by the presence in the Bible. Its use in the representation of concepts which are not so clearly defined in the Old Polish and Middle Polish periods was supposed to portray these concepts and to familiarise people with them, especially in the language that way used in moralistic writings. Due to the development of culture, the changes in the thinking about the world and the changes of the external word itself, of the reality in which man lives, not only did the way the lexemes used in the metaphor a concept is a plant and the frequency of these lexemes change but also the plant itself as a source domain continues to thrive in the Polish language.
EN
In the present article the object of analysis is the metaphorical representation of concepts- negative values in the Old Polish and Middle Polish periods. In Old Polish and Middle Polish texts abstract concepts are ap-proached in a metaphorical manner, and some source domains recur relatively frequently. Such metaphors are used in reference to concepts which belong to various spheres. The analysis takes into consideration metaphors which are clearly discernible in short fragments, metaphors which are linguistically marked by words semantically associated with the source domain, metaphors which are at the same time in the close vicinity of the lexeme representing a given value and metaphors which recur in texts by various authors. The present article is devoted to metaphorical representations of concepts- negative values in the Old Pol-ish and Middle Polish periods in the category of a disease - a source domain which is drawn taken from the life experience of each person on the basis of attestations which contain the lexeme choroba, niemoc, zaraza [disease, illness, epidemic], and other, e.g.: Co iefliże nas famych one fzkodliwychpożądliwośći choroby trapią (ModrzBaz 67v; SXVI); Grzech ieft zarazą iako morowe powietrze (Starow.Kaz. 1649, s. 330; ESXVII/XVIII). In the early Polish language anti-values - negatively marked concepts which have to do especially with the sphere of morality and social sphere, were embraced by the means of the category of a disease. Due to the development of culture, the changes in the thinking about the world and the changes of the external word itself, of the reality in which man lives, not only did the way the lexemes used in the metaphor a concept is a disease and the frequency of these lexemes change but also the disease itself as a source domain continues to thrive in the Polish language.
EN
The subject matter of the research paper pertains to the essence of St. John Paul II`s social communication as a persuasive process of propagating values. The aim of the article results from the intention to popularize one of the methods of axiolinguistic reflection on preaching. The research relates to determining the rhetorical tonality (invention as well as rhetorical elocution) of the Polish Pope. The subject of the analysis are manifestations of evaluation, and the influence of values on the usage of language
PL
Tematyka opracowania dotyczy istoty komunikowania społecznego św. Jana Pawła II jako perswazyjnego procesu propagowania wartości. Cel artykułu wynika z intencji spopularyzowania jednej z metod aksjolingwistycznej refleksji nad przepowiadaniem. Problem badawczy dotyczy determinowania tonacji retorycznej (inwencji oraz elokucji retorycznej) Papieża-Polaka. Przedmiotem analizy są przejawy wartościowania, a także wpływ wartości na użycie języka.
EN
The aim of the article is an attempt to answer the question of what Polish speakers mean when describing someone as porządny [decent]. Over 2,000 sentences taken from the MoncoPL corpus were studied, containing combinations of the adjective under study with nouns: człowiek, osoba, mężczyzna, facet, chłopak, kobieta, dziewczyna [man, person, guy, boy, woman, girl]. The analyzes were preceded by a review of lexicographic definitions as well as concepts of a decent man. Research has shown that the adjective porządny denotes a bundle of positive traits that are concretized depending on the context. Only in relation to women, the analyzed term is more precise and refers to the sexual and moral sphere.
Polonica
|
2022
|
vol. 42
115-131
EN
The aim of this article is an attempt to answer the following questions: how have the contexts of use of the noun demoralization changed in the Polish parliamentary discourse in the last century, and what specific rules of conduct must be exceeded in order for certain actions or attitudes to be described as such. 1885 sentences obtained from the resources of the Polish Parliamentary Corpus,  recorded since 1919 until the end of June 2022, were analyzed. The material was divided into three periods (1919–1939, 1945–1989, 1990–2022), and then discussed in the context of topics with which the phenomenon of demoralization was associated in particular time periods. Research has shown that the noun demoralization describes the problems of breaking legal, social and moral norms important in given periods, it can also serve propaganda purposes or strengthen the message presented. However, there are moral standards, the violation of which is not called demoralization.
PL
Cel artykułu stanowi próba odpowiedzi na pytania: jak w ostatnim stuleciu zmieniały się konteksty użycia rzeczownika demoralizacja w polskim dyskursie parlamentarnym oraz jakie konkretnie reguły postępowania muszą zostać przekroczone, aby pewne działania lub postawy można było określać tym mianem. Analizom zostało poddanych 1885 zdań pozyskanych z zasobów Korpusu Dyskursu Parlamentarnego, wygłoszonych podczas posiedzeń plenarnych Sejmu i Senatu RP oraz posiedzeń komisji od 1919 r. do końca czerwca 2022 r. Materiał został podzielony na trzy okresy (1919–1939, 1945–1989, 1990–2022), a następnie omówiony ze względu na tematy, z którymi łączono w poszczególnych przedziałach czasowych zjawisko demoralizacji. Badania ukazały, że rzeczownik demoralizacja nazywa istotne w danych okresach problemy dotyczące naruszania norm prawnych, społecznych i obyczajowych, może też służyć celom propagandowym lub wzmocnieniu przekazu. Pozostają jednak normy moralne, których naruszenie nie jest określane demoralizacją.
EN
The author considers value and evaluation in the perspective of intercultural and anthropological linguistics. The value is treated as an element of axiological modality, which is specific in every language community. This particularly applies to the subjectively valued national groups and the stereotypes based on the values. Corpus analysis deals with exposing the values attributed to Poles by the Russians and, conversely, attributed to the Russians by the Poles. The author has taken into account a set of the facets (cognitive domains), such as politics, society, economy and commerce, language, art and other. The results of the expedition have been worked out in the quantitative and qualitative way.
Roczniki Humanistyczne
|
2020
|
vol. 68
|
issue 1
265-278
EN
The subject of this article concerns the relationship between the axiosphere of Karol Wojtyła’s early poetry and his axiological preferences in the later period of his creative activity. The subject of the research are the poetic cycle The Psalter of David (The Slavonic Book) from 1939 and The Ethical Primer from 1957–1958. Hermeneutics was used in the analysis of ideas, while the axiolinguistic method was employed in the analysis of the values. The study of these texts makes it possible to recreate the system of values preferred by Karol Wojtyła as a poet and philosopher. This system is part of the axiology of Christian humanism.
PL
Tematyka artykułu dotyczy zależności pomiędzy aksjosferą wczesnej poezji Karola Wojtyły a jego preferencjami aksjologicznymi w późniejszym okresie twórczej aktywności. Przedmiot badań stanowią: cykl poetycki Psałterz Dawidów (Księga słowiańska) z 1939 roku oraz Elementarz etyczny z lat 1957–1958. Do analizy idei w tekstach zastosowano hermeneutykę, zaś do analizy wartości – metodę aksjolingwistyczną. Badanie tekstów umożliwia odtworzenie systemu wartości preferowanych przez Karola Wojtyłę – poetę i filozofa. System ten wpisuje się w aksjologię chrześcijańskiego humanizmu.
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