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PL
W artykule podjeta jest analiza podatku bankowego, zawówno z punktu widzenia ekonomicznego, jak i prawnego. W związku z tym, że podatek ten jest rozwiązaniem obowiązujacym od 1 lutego 1016 roku, przedstawiona została również geneza tego podatku, jak również projekty go poprzedzjące. Daje to obraz kształtowania się w ostatnich kilkunastu latach koncepcji opodatkowania sektora bankowego w Polsce. Konstrukcja podatku bankowego obowiązuje w wielu państwach Unii Europejskich, dlatego w niniejszym opracowaniu dokonana jest kompleksowa analiza porównwcza rozwiązań konsurukcyjnych zastosowanych w różnych państwach, co pozwala dostrzec różnice i podobieństwa. Opracowanie poświęcone jest również skutkom jakie wywiera podatek bankowy w Polsce. Analiza wad konstrukcyjnych pozwala również na przedstawienie propozyci zmia, które pozwoliłyby doprecyzować przepisy. Podatek bankowy obowiązujący w Polsce został również przeanalizowany przez pryzmat zjawiska unikania opodatkowania. Zaprezentowane zostały konstrukcje, które mogą sprzyjać unikaniu opodatkowania, co niewatpliwie może wpływać na skuteczność tego podatku.
EN
The article analyses bank levy both from the economic as well as legal perspective. Due to the fact that this tax solution has been applicable from 1 February 2016, its origin and previous projects are also presented, which illustrates the development of taxation of the banking sector in Poland that has been happening over the past dozen or more years. The bank levy is applicable in many European Union Member States and thus this paper contains a comprehensive comparative analysis of relevant solutions adopted in various states, which allows to see the similarities and differences between them. The paper is also concerned with the consequences that the bank levy has brought about in Poland. Analysis of its flaws makes it possible to propose changes as well, which would make the provisions of the law more precise. The bank levy applicable in Poland has also undergone analysis through the prism of tax avoidance. Mechanisms that might encourage tax avoidance, which might certainly impair the effectiveness of this tax, have been delineated.
EN
Theoretical background: Bank tax was introduced in Poland in February 2016. As a consequence, several banks with assets surpassing certain value need to cope with the additional burden.Purpose of the article: The aim of the research is to verify whether Polish banks that nominally are subject to the bank tax indeed shifted onto their clients most of the cost connected with this new levy and, thus, now these are the clients who effectively bear the burden of bank tax.Research methods: The analysis is based on monthly data for the years 2010–2021, for which a multilayer comparison of performance of banks subject to the bank tax was made from various perspectives: (1) before and after the introduction of bank tax and (2) with remaining banks not subject to a bank tax – which serve as a control sample. The analysis took into account the composition of Polish bank sector, while focusing on the development of: (1) revenues, costs and income from commissions and charges, (2) revenues and income from interest, (3) level of commissions and charges as well as interest imposed on different bank products, (4) banks profitability, (5) their balance sheet total and (6) ROA.Main findings: The analysis does not confirm increases in revenues of commercial banks and foreign branches following the introduction of the bank levy, whereas the profitability and ROA of these banks worsened significantly. At the same time, the performance of banks not affected by the levy did not deteriorate, which allows to conclude that banks did not manage to shift the cost of bank tax onto their customers. Conclusions are important primarily from the perspective of fiscal policy (they answer the question on effective tax incidence) and supervisory policy (to what extent the introduction of the tax erodes the performance of the banking sector, inhibiting the accumulation of capital determining the level of financial stability).
EN
The paper provides an overview of bank levy, i.e. a tax on financial institutions that is applicable in most of the EU member states. The paper contains a comprehensive comparative analysis of relevant solutions adopted, as well as analysis of bank levy in legal and economic terms. The authors also discuss the consequences of the introduction of bank levy in Poland and Hungary. Furthermore, they present possible changes to the Polish legal regulations in order to make them more precise and effective.
EN
Policymakers introduce bank levies (BLs) to reduce the probability of crises. In this study, we evaluate the effects of the Hungarian and German BLs implemented in 2010 and 2011, respectively, on the banks’ risk-taking behavior. Our analysis compares two completely different BL designs. The German BL is designed to increase as banks’ total liabilities increase, while the Hungarian BL is assessed on total assets. The results unambiguously demonstrate that a BL on assets increases banks’ credit risk. The results of analyzing the influence that introducing BLs has had on the German banking sector demonstrate that BL on liabilities decreases banks’ credit risk. An improved understanding of the impact of regulation on the risky activity of EU banks is very important for a wide range of financial market participants, including borrowers, shareholders regulators and supervisors, especially during turbulent times caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russian war in Ukraine.
EN
The article provides an analysis of the implications for the Polish banking sector regarding the tax on certain financial institutions in Poland, commonly known as the bank levy, in the first four years of the levy’s functioning (2016-2019). The work also indicates the essence of the bank tax as well as the purpose of its collection, including an outline of the legal structure and the resulting risks. Most of the threats posed by the additional levy for the banking sector in Poland have materialized. The most significant negative effects Polish banks suffered in the period under analysis were the decline in profitability, the increase in the prices of banking services, and, consequently, the decline in competitiveness as well as reduced development opportunities. Solutions aimed at increasing the stability of the banking sector, which are particularly important under the conditions of the coronavirus pandemic, have therefore been proposed with regard to the bank tax. During the preparation of the article, the research method used involved the study of literature and analysis of the empirical data published by the most important public (supervisory) institutions in Poland.
PL
W artykule dokonano analizy implikacji podatku od niektórych instytucji finansowych w Polsce, zwanego potocznie podatkiem bankowym, dla polskiego sektora bankowego, w pierwszych czterech latach jego funkcjonowania (2016-2019). Wskazano także na istotę podatku bankowego, cel jego poboru, przedstawiono zarys konstrukcji prawnej i wynikające z niej ryzyko. Większość zagrożeń, jakie niosła za sobą dodatkowa danina dla sektora bankowego w Polsce, się zmaterializowała. Najważniejszymi negatywnymi jej skutkami dla polskich banków w badanym okresie był spadek rentowności, wzrost cen usług bankowych, a w konsekwencji spadek konkurencyjności oraz ograniczenie możliwości rozwoju. Zaproponowano więc rozwiązania szczególnie istotne w warunkach pandemii wywołanej koronawirusem, ukierunkowane na wzrost stabilności sektora bankowego. W przygotowaniu artykułu wykorzystano metodę badawczą studium literatury oraz analizę danych empirycznych, publikowanych przez najważniejsze instytucje publiczne (nadzorcze) w Polsce.
EN
The author analyses the design and imposition of the bank levy that came into effect on the 1st of February 2016 both from the economic and legal perspective. The author portrays its origin as well as the main solutions. The risks connected with their implementation involving the capacity to collect the tax are outlined. The author also presents the development of the design of taxation of the banking sector in Poland in the past dozen or more years. The author conducts a comparative analysis of the various tax designs that prove effective in many E.U. Member States. This allows to show the similarities and tell the differences between the various state-specific designs and the ones adopted in Poland. The paper is also concerned with the consequences that the bank levy might bring about in Poland. The author postulates that the analysis of its design flaws makes it possible to evade taxation. The author puts forward alternative concepts, which would make the provisions of the law more precise. The bank levy applicable in Poland has also been subject to an in-depth analysis in the context of tax avoidance.
PL
Autor analizuje proces projektowania i wdrażania podatku bankowego wprowadzonego 1 lutego 2016r., zarówno z punktu widzenia ekonomicznego, jak i prawnego. Przedstawia jego genezę i główne rozwiązania. Wskazuje na ryzyko związane z ich implementacją, w tym na zdolność do egzekucji podatku. Prezentuje także proces kształtowania się koncepcji opodatkowania sektora bankowego w Polsce w ostatnich latach. Porównuje rozwiązania konstrukcyjne podatku zastosowane w poszczególnych państwach. Pozwala to dostrzec różnice i podobieństwa między narodowymi rozwiązaniami, w tym polskimi. Analizuje również skutki, jakie może wywołać wprowadzenie podatku bankowego w Polsce. Stawia tezę, która głosi, że ma on istotne wady konstrukcyjne, mogące sprzyjać unikaniu opodatkowania. Przedstawia alternatywne koncepcje, które pozwoliłyby ominąć tak zwane niezamierzone konsekwencje funkcjonowania wadliwych przepisów. Autor analizuje podatek bankowy również przez pryzmat zjawiska unikania opodatkowania.
EN
The article deals with the bank tax which was implemented in Poland in Fabruary 2016. The main role of the paper is to examine what is the impact of the new tax on the group of banks listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange. The special emphasis in the analysis has been put on profitability and efficiency. Furthermore, the author tries to verify to what extend the tax burden was shared by the clients of the financial services. Data used in the empirical research come from the approved, consolidated financial statements.
PL
Autor przedstawia zagadnienie podatku bankowego wprowadzonego Ustawą z dnia 15 stycznia 2016 r. o podatku od niektórych instytucji finansowych. Celem artykułu jest próba oceny wpływu nowego obciążenia podatkowego na funkcjonowanie wybranych banków komercyjnych notowanych na Giełdzie Papierów Wartościowych w Warszawie oraz skutków jego implementacji dla klientów usług bankowych. W ramach badania empirycznego wykorzystano dane pochodzące ze skonsolidowanych sprawozdań finansowych.
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