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1

The Idea of Central Banking in the Final Years of the First Polish Republic

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Łopuszyński K.
Roczniki Nauk Prawnych
|
2018
|
vol. 28
|
issue 3 English Online Version
89-100
EN
The need to establish a national bank in the Polish Republic was addressed in 1763 by Fr Stanisław Konarski in his O skutecznym rad sposobie. The need to secure the issue of Polish money increased as a result of the crisis caused by the flooding of the Polish market with Polish coins counterfeited in Prussia. The discussion was joined by proponents of mercantilism, who saw the possibility of keeping good Polish money in circulation by using dead capital in “deposit coffers.” However, only the Sejm could establish a central bank. The first drafts saw the light during the sessions of the Four-Year Sejm (1788–1792). Among them, the proposal of the famous Warsaw banker Jędrzej Kapostas deserves our attention, who in 1789 published a work entitled O banku narodowym w Polszcze and Planta ułożenia projektu Banku Narodowego in the next year. Paper money in Poland appeared in circulation during the Kościuszko Uprising. To this end, the Treasury Notes Administration was established, which issued so-called “assignments.” They survived until the fall of the uprising. The Third Partition of Poland put an end to the discussion of the establishment of a central bank.
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Kolekcjonerstwo na przełomie XIX i XX wieku. Szkic o różnorodności gustów oraz stosunku kolekcjonerów do sztuki współczesnej

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Kłudkiewicz K.
Biuletyn Historii Sztuki
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2014
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vol. 76
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issue 2
241-260
EN
Throughout the 19 th century art collecting became a more and more popular human activity, not restricted as before to a small group - aristocrats, nobility, and scholars-researchers. The complex character of private collecting in the 19 th century is the reason why researchers are only attracted by its single aspects. These including first of all the collecting by new social groups: the bourgeoisie, rich industrialists, and bankers. Art historians are additionally interested in those collecting works of the new breakthrough artistic tendencies (Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, Avant-Garde), therefore those who were involved in creating ‘collections looking into the future’, setting up benchmarks that future museums would aspire to. The new art was a subject of interest of Paris, Berlin, and Moscow businessmen, bourgeoisie, and financiers who promoted such values as innovation, novelty, and progress. Meanwhile, aristocracy valued other qualities more (tradition, history, past) and in those European cities (London, Cracow, Vienna) in which aristocracy held a strong position and were committed to cultural activity, collections of pieces of the new tendencies could hardly be found, or were extremely rare.
3

Pecunia pecuniam parere non potest? O pieniądzu kredytowym w Rzymie okresu późnej republiki. Zarys problemu

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Wyrwińska K.
Krakowskie Studia z Historii Państwa i Prawa
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2014
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vol. 7
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issue 1
Wyrwińska
EN
The deliberations presented in the article have been devoted to the functioning of the institution of “credit money” at the time of the late Roman Republic. In the modern times, the concept of “credit money” refers to receivables which a natural or a legal person is entitled to and which may serve to acquire goods or services. An analysis of the sources from the period of the Late Roman Republic allows one to conclude that the purchase and sale of receivables for the purpose of settling accounts was known to the Romans, and moreover, it allows one to study the phenomenon of the extent of the use of “credit money” during that time. It is particularly Cicero’s “Letters” which indicate that non-cash settlement of transactions was commonly resorted to particularly when using metal coins was difficult or even impossible due to the high value of the negotiated transaction. Taking into consideration the necessity of ensuring security to this type of transactions, it is impossible to ignore the role of bankers as professional intermediaries who were responsible for creating the right conditions enabling one to make payments at a distance
4

Idea bankowości centralnej w ostatnich latach I Rzeczypospolitej

72%
Łopuszyński K.
Roczniki Nauk Prawnych
|
2018
|
vol. 28
|
issue 3
101-112
PL
O potrzebie powołania w Rzeczypospolitej banku narodowego pisał w 1763 r. ks. Stanisław Konarski w dziele O skutecznym rad sposobie. Konieczność zabezpieczenia emisji polskiego pieniądza przybrała na sile w wyniku kryzysu spowodowanego zalaniem krajowego rynku przez polskie monety fałszowane masowo w Prusach. Do dyskusji włączyli się merkantyliści, którzy dostrzegali możliwość utrzymania dobrego polskiego pieniądza w obiegu poprzez wykorzystanie martwych kapitałów w „leżących w skrzyniach depozytów”. Jednak tylko Sejm mógł powołać bank centralny. Pierwsze projekty ujrzały światło dzienne podczas obrad Sejmu Czteroletniego (1788-1792). Spośród nich na szczególną uwagę zwraca projekt znanego warszawskiego bankiera Jędrzeja Kapostasa, który w 1789 r. wydał dzieło O banku narodowym w Polszcze ustanowić się mającym, w roku zaś następnym Planta ułożenia projektu Banku Narodowego. Pieniądze papierowe w Polsce pojawiły się w obiegu w czasie insurekcji kościuszkowskiej. W tym celu utworzono Dyrekcję Biletów Skarbowych, która emitowała tzw. asygnaty. Przetrwały one do upadku powstania. Wraz z III rozbiorem Polski zanikła również dyskusja na temat utworzenia banku centralnego.
EN
On the need to establish a national bank in the Republic, in 1763, Fr. Stanislaw Konarski in his work On Effective Radical Method. The necessity of hedging the issue of Polish money has grown in strength as a result of the crisis caused by the flooding of the domestic market by Polish coins counterfeited in Prussia. The mercantilists joined the discussion, who saw the possibility of maintaining good Polish currency in circulation by using dead capital in “deposit boxes”. However, only the Sejm could appoint a central bank. The first projects saw daylight during the Four Year Sejm (1788-1792). Of particular note is the project of the well-known Warsaw banker Jędrzej Kapostas, who in 1789 published a work entitled About the National Bank in Poland to establish itself, in the following year Planta’s National Bank project. Paper money in Poland appeared in circulation during the Kościuszko insurrection. For this purpose, the Taxi Ticketing Directorate was established. vouchers. They survived until the uprising collapsed. With the third partition of Poland, the discussion on the establishment of the central bank also disappeared.
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