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EN
The article concerns the issue of assessing the effectiveness of anti-crisis legal regulations in the context of the functioning and development (including expansion) of the Polish banking sector. The analyzes carried out in the article are the result of many years of the author's own analyses and research and have practical and application value. banking system, legal regulations, countercyclical regulations, banking law Artykuł dotyczy kwestii oceny efektywności antykryzysowych regulacji prawnych w kontekście funkcjonowania i rozwoju (w tym ekspansji) polskiego sektora bankowego. Przeprowadzone w artykule analizy są efektem wieloletnich analiz i badań własnych Autora i mają walor praktyczny i aplikacyjny. system bankowy, regulacje prawne, regulacje antycykliczne, prawo bankowe
EN
One of the main issues connected with terrorism – a “crime without borders”, a complex phenomenon the definition of which has proven elusive, is terrorism financing and money laundering. The Polish legislator – in the Polish Banking Law – imposes on banks (within the scope of their legal definition) a duty of counteracting money laundering and terrorism financing, which corresponds with the significant role of banks and other financial institutions when it comes to the prevention of terrorist crimes. On the basis of the Act on Counteracting Money Laundering and Terrorism Financing, a special system was created – the aim of the regulations is to facilitate successful performance by banks of their duties. In the Act, the office of the General Inspector of Financial Information was created, with an important task of controlling the realization of banks’ duties, as well as cooperation with relevant services and improvement of international antiterrorist activity. Beyond any doubt, the functioning of the Polish system could be guaranteed by broader legal and institutional frameworks on an international level, the achievement of which is contingent upon the activity of the European Union and the United Nations. A significant element in the fight against terrorism financing crimes is also proper training of the banking sector employees and officers, as well as ensuring proper communication and cooperation between them.
EN
One of the main issues connected with terrorism – a “crime without borders”, a complex phenomenon the definition of which has proven elusive, is terrorism financing and money laundering. The Polish legislator – in the Polish Banking Law – imposes on banks (within the scope of their legal definition) a duty of counteracting money laundering and terrorism financing, which corresponds with the significant role of banks and other financial institutions when it comes to the prevention of terrorist crimes. On the basis of the Act on Counteracting Money Laundering and Terrorism Financing, a special system was created – the aim of the regulations is to facilitate successful performance by banks of their duties. In the Act, the office of the General Inspector of Financial Information was created, with an important task of controlling the realization of banks’ duties, as well as cooperation with relevant services and improvement of international antiterrorist activity. Beyond any doubt, the functioning of the Polish system could be guaranteed by broader legal and institutional frameworks on an international level, the achievement of which is contingent upon the activity of the European Union and the United Nations. A significant element in the fight against terrorism financing crimes is also proper training of the banking sector employees and officers, as well as ensuring proper communication and cooperation between them.
EN
The subject of considerations is the legal issue of the optimal model of supervision over the functioning of credit institutions. Normative regulation models in selected European countries have been presented with particular reference to the solutions applied in German legislation. Two basic banking supervision systems were identified: institutional type and functional type. Institutional type supervision is exercised by one supervisory institution which deals with irregularities in the functioning of all entities performing bank activities. It has been adopted in Switzerland and in Poland. In this system, the supervision is entrusted to one entity. Functional supervision is exercised, by several supervisory institutions acting jointly, each has their unique statutory competences. The experience of the recent financial crisis indicates a greater effectiveness of the first type of supervision and the need to deepen further the cooperation between national supervision in cross-border activities.
EN
An introduction of mortgage currency loans to the banks offers, particularly the indexed to a foreign currency and denominated in a foreign currency loans, based on agreements containing abusive clauses which lead, in the consumer/borrower's individual relations, to the violation of his legal and economic interest and on the financial system level to the creation the risk of its instability (systemic risk). In many European countries, in Hungary for instance, the problem was solved ex post on the statutory level by the legislator’s interference. In others, for example in Romania, such statutory solutions were contested by the constitutional courts. In the remaining ones, such as Poland, Spain or Austria, the problem was left to be solved within the individual cases by the civil or arbitration courts. The latter solution requires however the development of lines of jurisprudence solving the contentious legal issues resulting from the complicated legal relations that occurred between the banks and the consumers/borrowers. Given the above, the author undertook to analyse the judicial decisions of the European Court of Justice, Polish common courts and the Supreme Court in order to indicate these nodal issues which often evoke the discrepancies in jurisprudence, as well as to present the possible solutions. The importance of the issue is crucial not only to the economic condition of the households and financial results of particular banks, but also to the stability of the whole financial sector. The implementation of the research goal adopted in this article requires the application of legal research methods, such as in particular the general theoretical method and the formal-dogmatic method.
EN
The article presents selected problems that arise in connection with the Act on Social Financing for Business Ventures and Assistance to Borrowers. It analyses conditions for the suspension of housing mortgage payment, taking special account of the situation of a borrower who is remortgaging. Moreover, the text discusses the information obligation of the bank when the customer’s mortgage is overdue. The statute in question can be analyzed from different perspectives, inter alia legal or economic, the article focusing on legal issues only.
EN
The aim of the study is to analyse two selected supervision institutions: the management control in the public finance sector and the internal control system in banks as examples of regulatory and supervision institutions, having regard to their functional similarities in the two areas of financial law: public finance law and financial market law, and banking law. The study was inspired by the desire to answer the question about the essence of internal control in public finance (management control), which shows, at least in terms of the control objectives, many elements characteristic for internal control systems operating in banks. The aim of the article is also to answer the question about the way of understanding the notion of “internal control” under the banking law and public finance law, its essence, objectives, functions, as well as the coherence of the understanding of the objectives and criteria of internal control in the widely understood financial law areas. However, the research objective is also to show the differences between management control and internal control as supervision institutions, which due to the specificity of the controlled financial matters are separate and thereby allow to present the functions of control institutions related to the needs specific to particular areas of the broadly understood financial law and a multi-faceted approach to the most effective use of control institutions.
PL
Cooperative banking in Poland has more than 150 years of tradition, going back to the period of Partitions. The first Polish credit associations and cooperatives were established in Greater Poland in the years 1861–1862, in the fashion of credit cooperatives for farmers established by Friedrich Raiffeisen and the so-called cooperative “people’s banks” associating craftsmen, that were founded by Franz Schultze. In 1899, on the territory of the Austrian Partition, small credit institutions, the so-called “Stefczyk Savings Unions” (“Kasy Stefczyka”), were created, associating mainly farmers, In the period of the Second Polish Republic (1918–1939), Polish Agricultural Bank (Polski Bank Rolny) was established in Warsaw (1919). The bank’s task was to provide financial backing for agriculture, and in 1921 it was transformed into State Agricultural Bank (Państwowy Bank Rolny), only to become Agricultural Bank (Bank Rolny) in 1948. It was replaced by Food Economy Bank (Bank Gospodarki Żywnościowej), called into being in 1975 as a financial head office for cooperative banks which originated from saving and loan cooperatives. In the period of the Polish People’s Republic (1952–1989), state-cooperative banking was in place. The system and economy transformations that took place after 1989 caused crisis and the necessity of state intervention in the Polish cooperative banking. In the years 1990–1994 efforts were made to fix the cooperative banking system through implementation of the Act of June 24, 1994 on restructuring of cooperative banks and Food Economy Bank and on amendments to certain acts. Food Economy Bank was transformed into a joint-stock company as a bank of the National Association of cooperative banks. Besides, nine regional associations were established in the form of a joint-stock company of cooperative banks, which became shareholders of the national bank. The system and functioning of cooperative banks are currently governed by: Banking Law Act of August 29, 1997, Cooperative Law Act of September 16, 1982 and the Act of December 7, 2000 on functioning of cooperative banks, associating thereof and associating banks. The structure of cooperative banking was based on the division into cooperative banks and associating banks. Two associations of cooperative banks are currently operating in Poland: Bank of the Polish Cooperative Movement (Bank Polskiej Spółdzielczości S.A.) with its seat in Warsaw and Cooperative Banking Group – Bank (Spółdzielcza Grupa Bankowa – Bank S.A.) with its seat in Poznań. All the cooperative banks are covered by the Bank Guarantee Fund and under supervision of the Financial Supervision Authority. In 2015 the Act of December 7, 2000 on functioning of cooperative banks, associating thereof and associating banks was amended due to the changes implemented in the European Union Law (the so-called CRD IV/CRR package). Financial security of cooperative banks was increased through establishment of the Institutional Protection Scheme (IPS). Cooperative banks are an important element for development of the entire Polish banking system. Therefore, the financial supervision over the entire system of banking and Cooperative Savings and Credit Unions (SKOK) should be conducted in appropriate manner.
PL
Ustawa z  dnia 29 sierpnia 1997 r. Prawo bankowe zawiera przepisy definiujące i  regulujące pojęcie gwarancji bankowej jako jednej z  czynności bankowych. Niemniej jednak w doktrynie i nauce prawa polskiego istnieje spór dotyczący interpretacji niektórych przepisów regulujących zagadnienie przedmiotowej instytucji m.in. w zakresie ustalenia, jaki jest charakter prawny gwarancji bankowej, np. czy gwarancja jest umową, czy też jednostronną czynnością prawną banku. Niniejszy artykuł stanowi próbę przedstawienia odpowiedzi na powyż- sze dyskusyjne zagadnienia związane z charakterem gwarancji bankowej.
EN
The Banking Act of 29 August 1997 contains provisions defining and regulating the concept of a  bank guarantee as one of the banking operations. Nevertheless, the doctrine and polish jurisprudence dispute on the interpretation of some of the background the rules governing the issue of the present institutions, including in determining what is the legal nature of a bank guarantee, for instance: whether the guarantee is a contract or a unilateral act of the bank. This article attempts to provide answers to the above discussion issues related to the nature of the bank guarantee.
EN
The paper analyses the regulation of a bank management system contained in article 9-9f of the Act: Banking Law, a frequent subject of economic deliberations seldom discussed in a legal context, and compares the approach to the relevant provisions of the Act (a general outline of the regulation) with concrete regulation contained in the resolution of the Financial Supervision Commission, and an even more detailed instruction provided in the supervisory recommendation. Recognising the statutory requirements and importance of the quality of a cautionary norm identified in the resolution of the Financial Supervision Commission, the importance of quality legislation is being emphasised. A legal regulation of the bank management system is not an easy task due to the economic nature of the regulated subject and, as the analysis of the current legal provisions shows, already its drafting is a challenge, and the wording of the legislation is often far from perfect, which is a potential impediment to proper interpretation, application and execution of the regulation.
PL
Opracowanie podejmuje problem przenoszenia na grunt prawny materii będącej dotychczas domeną nauk ekonomicznych, na przykładzie rzadko komentowanych przepisów art. 9-9f ustawy – Prawo bankowe, regulujących system zarządzania bankiem. Podejmuje poszczególne elementy składowe tej nowej instytucji prawa bankowego, od ogólnego w charakterze ujęcia ustawowego, poprzez ich konkretyzację w uchwale Komisji Nadzoru Finansowego, aż po szczegółowe ujęcie w rekomendacji nadzorczej. Nie kwestionując potrzeby uczynienia z wymagań ustawowych dotyczących systemu zarządzania bankiem jakościowej normy ostrożnościowej, znajdującej z mocy ustawy rozwinięcie w uchwale Komisji Nadzoru Finansowego, opracowanie podkreśla znaczenie dobrego jakościowo ustawodawstwa. Usterki w redakcji, treści czy sekwencji przepisów, jak wynika z przeprowadzonej analizy instytucji prawnej systemu zarządzania bankiem, trudnej do uregulowania z racji swej ekonomicznej natury, budzą wątpliwości, utrudniają więc przestrzeganie tych przepisów i ich stosowanie jako wymogów sankcjonowanych środkami nadzorczymi.
EN
The aim of the article is to analyse the European Union regulations regarding fees for cross-border payments in the EU. In particular, the subject of the analysis is the draft proposal to amend Regulation (EC) No. 924/2009, including the description of the legislative process on it, as well as the potential effects of new regulations introducing the obligation to standardise fees for cross-border transfers in euro with fees for domestic transfers in a given national currency (both in and outside the euro area) for consumers and payment institutions.
PL
Celem artykułu jest analiza regulacji Unii Europejskiej dotyczących opłat za przelewy transgraniczne w UE. Przedmiotem analiz jest w szczególności treść projektu nowelizacji rozporządzenia (WE) nr 924/2009 wraz z opisem przebiegu procesu legislacyjnego nad nim, a także potencjalne skutki nowych regulacji wprowadzających obowiązek ujednolicenia opłat za przelewy transgraniczne w euro z opłatami za przelewy krajowe w danej walucie narodowej (zarówno w strefie euro, jak i poza nią) dla konsumentów i instytucji płatniczych.
EN
The article analyses the approach of the European Union institutions to the need to harmonize, integrate and regulate payment systems and fees for cross-border transfers in the EU. The subject of the analysis are documents published by the institutions of the European Communities and later the European Union in the period from the early nineties of the twentieth century until the implementation of the euro at the beginning of 2002. They constitute - also today - the axiological foundations of the European legislators in relation to the rapidly growing payments market in the EU. Particularly important are the issues of the need to ensure uniform rules and fees in the context of the implementation of the single currency in euro area countries and create conditions for the undisturbed development of the market between these Member States.
PL
Artykuł analizuje podejście instytucji unijnych do potrzeby harmonizacji, integracji i regulacji systemów płatniczych i opłat za przelewy transgraniczne w Unii Europejskiej. Przedmiotem analiz są dokumenty publikowane przez instytucje Wspólnot Europejskich, a później Unii Europejskiej w okresie od początku lat dziewięćdziesiątych XX wieku do momentu wdrożenia waluty euro z początkiem roku 2002. Taka analiza jest tym bardziej istotna, że stanowi ona obecnie podstawy aksjologiczne do podejmowania dalszych inicjatyw legislatora europejskiego w odniesieniu do szybko rozwijającego się rynku płatności w UE. Szczególnie istotne są kwestie potrzeby zapewnienia jednolitych zasad i opłat w kontekście wdrożenia wspólnej waluty w poszczególnych państwach strefy euro i stworzenia warunków do niezaburzonego rozwoju rynku pomiędzy tymi państwami.
EN
The main aim of this article is to provide a critical analysis of selected provisions of the Directive and Regulation in respect of the capital requirements for banking and finance sector in the European Union. It focuses on the analysis of the following aspects: (i) proposed regimes, mechanisms and legal structures creating the European framework on the capital requirements; (ii) implications of the new legislation for the banking sector and for the national regulatory authorities; (iii) certain similarities between the Third Basel Accord prepared by the Basel Committee on the Banking Supervision and the proposed EU capital requirements package; and (iv) implications of the legislation for the Polish banking and finance sector. As the global financial crisis reshaped the approach to the banking institutions throughout the world, the authorities started to be more concerned about the safety and creation of certain mechanisms preventing the sudden issues of the banks and financial institutions, which were in consequence resolved by the taxpayers. The cooperation between EU authorities and the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision resulted in the creation of the new framework on the capital requirements for the European Banking sector. To a certain extent, the EU proposal is a part of global, legal framework setting out harmonized rules ensuring the general stabilization in the banking and finance sector. It also constitutes a continuation of the EU policy on ensuring the safety of the European banking and finance sector.
EN
The object of this work is related only to contracts on so called indexed credit agreements, i.e. the contracts on which include an obligation of the bank to provide the beneficiary-customer with an amount of cash for disposal, denominated in Polish zlotys (PLN), using a mechanism of re-calculation to Swiss francs (CHF); credit re-payments were also made in the domestic currency - and calculated in relation to the CHF exchange rate published by the bank. According to verdicts of the Competition and Customer Protection Tribunal, to the uniform opinion of the Financial Ombudsman and of Polish Financial Supervision Authority it is beyond any doubt that indexation of the loan amount and of the re-payment rules using a subjective measure, i.e. a measure specified by the bank in abstraction from market reality (currency rate tables published by the bank) is a dishonest practice which may not be binding for a customer, according to art. 3851 § 1 of the civil law code. However, both the doctrine and the judicial system have not worked out a uniform position related to the effect of a declaration of abusive indexation clauses. This work is a stance in the discussion on legal consequences of omission of prohibited clauses in indexed credit contracts and considerations of the subject lead to the conclusion that the only judicially valid effect of a declaration of abusive indexation clauses is - usually - invalidity of the whole obligatory relationship.
PL
Przedmiot opracowania odnosi się wyłącznie do umów o tzw. kredyt indeksowany, tj. taki, gdzie w treści umowy bank zobowiązał się do oddania do dyspozycji kredytobiorcy-konsumentowi danej kwoty środków pieniężnych oznaczonych w Złotych Polskich (PLN), z zastosowaniem mechanizmu przeliczeniowego do Franka Szwajcarskiego (CHF); spłaty kredytu również następowały w macierzystej walucie - przeliczanej w odniesieniu do kursu CHF, podawanego przez bank. W związku z wyrokami Sądu Ochrony Konkurencji i Konsumentów, jednolitym stanowiskiem Rzecznika Finansowego i Komisji Nadzoru Finansowego, nie budzi wątpliwości, że waloryzowanie wartości kredytu oraz zasad jego spłaty za pomocą miernika subiektywnego, tj. ustalanego przez bank w oderwaniu od realiów rynkowych (Tabele kursowe podawane przez bank), stanowi z reguły praktykę nieuczciwą, która na podstawie art. 3851 § 1 kodeksu cywilnego konsumenta wiązać nie może. Zarówno w doktrynie, jak i judykaturze nie zostało jednak wypracowane jednolite stanowisko, dotyczące skutków stwierdzenia abuzywności klauzul indeksacyjnych. Niniejsze opracowanie stanowi głos w dyskusji nad prawnymi konsekwencjami pominięcia niedozwolonych zapisów w umowach o kredyt indeksowany, a rozważania w tym przedmiocie prowadzą do wniosku, że jedynym poprawnym jurydycznie skutkiem stwierdzenia abuzywności klauzul indeksacyjnych jest - z reguły - nieważność całego stosunku obligacyjnego.
EN
The obligation to carry out a creditworthiness assessment set out in Article 70 § 1 of the Banking Law is usually considered a norm of public law significance which does not affect the private law sphere of a credit agreement. However, this view is based on an idealized assumption that loan agreements are neutral towards the borrower’s risk, which does not correspond to the conditions of the contemporary economy. Practical experience shows that creditworthiness, and consequently also creditworthiness assessment, may also  depend on the structure of an adhesive loan agreement. In such cases, the erroneous message about the existence of creditworthiness becomes a form of pre-contractual information, which implies not only the public law liability of the bank, but also judicial interference in the sphere of relations between the parties of the agreement. Change in the interpretation of Article 70 § 1 of the Banking Law, which allows its informative function and private law sanctions for violating its disposition, is justified by developments in European Law and has already been initiated in the jurisprudence of the Supreme Court and Courts of Appeal.
PL
Obowiązek przeprowadzenia oceny zdolności kredytowej ustanowiony w art. 70 ust. 1 ustawy Prawo bankowe jest zwykle uważany za normę o znaczeniu publicznoprawnym, bez wpływu na sferę prywatnoprawną umowy kredytowej. Niemniej jednak pogląd ten jest oparty na wyidealizowanym założeniu o neutralności umów kredytowych wobec ryzyka kredytobiorcy, co nie odpowiada warunkom współczesnego obrotu. Praktyczne doświadczenia dowodzą bowiem, że zdolność kredytowa, a w konsekwencji również wynik jej oceny, mogą zależeć także od konstrukcji umowy kredytowej. W takich przypadkach błędny komunikat o zdolności kredytobiorcy do spłaty zobowiązania nabiera waloru informacji przedkontraktowej, co uzasadnia nie tylko publicznoprawną odpowiedzialność banku, ale i sądową ingerencję w sferę relacji pomiędzy stronami umowy. Zmiana wykładni art. 70 ust. 1 pr.bank., dopuszczająca informacyjną funkcję przepisu oraz prywatnoprawne sankcje za naruszenie jego dyspozycji, uzasadniona jest także zmianami w prawie europejskim i została już zapoczątkowana w orzecznictwie Sądu Najwyższego i Sądów Apelacyjnych.
EN
The guiding principle of a penal law, of fundamental importance for human rights, is the principle of legalism - nullum crimen sine lege, which means that there is no criminal act without a precise definition of it in a legal act. When the principle in question is implemented, every person can be sure that they will be punished only for the conduct strictly specified in the legal act and within limits prescribed by law. The rule discussed above also applies to acts that constitute administrative offences. Compliance with this rule is essential in the model of liability for them because the anticipated fines are counted in millions of zlotys, as in the case of banking law, and the legislator continues to expand the catalogue of legal acts, in which this category of acts is introduced. In Poland and Germany, the liability model for administrative offences is shaped differently, and in both countries, there is a visible increase in the number of regulations introducing this type of liability. The above shows a new challenge, the need to verify that the nullum crimen sine lege principle is guaranteed to the persons concerned.
PL
Naczelną zasadą prawa penalnego o fundamentalnym znaczeniu dla praw człowieka jest zasada legalizmu – nullum crimen sine lege, która oznacza, że nie ma czynu zabronionego bez dokładnego określenia go w akcie prawnym. W sytuacji, gdy omawiana zasada jest realizowana, każdy człowiek może być pewien, że zostanie mu wymierzona kara tylko za zachowanie ściśle oznaczone w akcie prawnym oraz w granicach przewidzianych prawem. Omawianą zasadę stosuje się również do czynów stanowiących delikty administracyjne. W ich przypadku przestrzeganie przedmiotowej zasady jest szczególnie ważne, grożące kary pieniężne liczone są bowiem w milionach złotych, jak chociażby w przypadku prawa bankowego, a ustawodawca wciąż rozszerza katalog aktów prawnych, w których wprowadzana jest ta kategoria czynów. W Polsce i w Niemczech model odpowiedzialności za delikty administracyjne jest ukształtowany odmiennie, a w obu państwach widoczny jest wzrost liczby przepisów wprowadzających ten rodzaj odpowiedzialności. Powyższe uwidacznia nowe wyzwanie, aby dokonać weryfikacji, czy osobom zainteresowanym gwarantowana jest zasada nullum crimen sine lege.
EN
In this article the author presents the matter of fiduciary account functioning in the Polish legal system. In the introduction there is the definition of a bank account in the broader sense and its kinds in accordance with banking law and later the author moves on to a detailed description of the fiduciary account. The consideration concerns security due to a bank account under the banking law and the application of the fiduciary account in Polish law. The author also presents conclusions de lege ferenda in the described matter.
PL
W niniejszym artykule autor przedstawia materię funkcjonującego w polskim systemie prawnym rachunku powierniczego. We wstępie opisuje definicję rachunku bankowego sensu largo i jego rodzajów w myśl prawa bankowego, a w dalszej części przechodzi do szczegółowego opisu rachunku powierniczego. Przedmiotem rozważań są zabezpieczenia dotyczące rachunku powierniczego wynikające z prawa bankowego, a także zastosowania tego rachunku w polskim prawie. Autor przedstawia również wnioski de lege ferenda w zakresie opisywanej materii.
PL
W artykule podjęto problematykę nasilenia obciążeń regulacyjnych na europejskim rynku bankowym w okresie pokryzysowym, znaczenia funkcji zgodności (compliance) oraz działań dyscyplinujących (enforcement actions) organów nadzoru bankowego. Celem artykułu jest analiza zależności zachodzących pomiędzy liczbą i złożonością regulacji bankowych w okresie pokryzysowym, a rolą funkcji compliance oraz znaczeniem działań dyscyplinujących organów nadzoru bankowego. Podjęto również próbę analizy skali przyrostu pokryzysowych regulacji bankowych w UE. Wyniki badań wskazują, że wzrost liczby pokryzysowych regulacji bankowych oraz poziomu ich skomplikowania wymaga również intensyfikacji działań dyscyplinujących ze strony organów nadzoru bankowego.
EN
This article addresses an issue of the increase in banking regulations in the European Union in the post-crisis period, and importance of the compliance function and enforcement actions of banking supervision authorities. The purpose of the article is to analyze links between the increase in the regulatory requirements for banks in the post-crisis period, as well as the role of the compliance function and enforcement actions of banking supervision authorities. An attempt is also made to analyze the scale of expansion of post-crisis banking regulations in the European Union. The results indicate that an increased number of post-crisis banking regulations and their level of complexity leads to the intensification of disciplinary measures by the banking supervision authorities.
EN
Since 1989, the central bank in Poland is the National Bank of Poland, whose activity is regulated by the Act on the National Bank of Poland. According to the regulations of this Act and in connection with the functioning of the national currency in Poland, ie the Polish zloty, the central bank conducts the entire monetary policy in Poland. The National Bank of Poland, using its instruments of domestic monetary policy, may influence economic processes within the framework of countercyclical intervention in order to activate economic processes, affecting the amount of circulating money in the economy and changing the cost of money borrowed in loans by commercial banks to economic entities. In this way, in the situation of a significant slowdown in the country's economic growth caused by the global financial crisis, the National Bank of Poland runs anti-crisis, interventionist monetary policy. Such activities have already been carried out by central banks in many other countries in the past. Despite the fact that the financial market, like other markets, is built according to the classic model of the market mechanism, in which two sides of the market interact, ie demand and supply, and the subject of trading is cash in cash or contained in various financial instruments, it is particularly institutionalized and regulated market.
PL
Od 1989 roku bankiem centralnym w Polsce jest Narodowy Bank Polski, którego działalność unormowana jest Ustawą o Narodowym Banku Polskim. Zgodnie z regulacjami tej Ustawy oraz w związku z funkcjonowaniem w Polsce waluty krajowej tj. polskiej złotówki bank centralny prowadzi całokształt polityki monetarnej w Polsce. Narodowy Bank Polski wykorzystując swe instrumenty krajowej polityki monetarnej może wpływać na procesy gospodarcze w ramach antycyklicznego interwencjonizmu celem aktywizowania procesów gospodarczych, wpływając na ilość cyrkulującego pieniądza w gospodarce i zmieniając koszt pieniądza wypożyczanego w kredytach przez banki komercyjne podmiotom gospodarczym. W ten sposób w sytuacji znacznego spowolnienia wzrostu gospodarczego kraju wywołanego globalnym kryzysem finansowym Narodowy Bank Polski prowadzi antykryzysową, interwencjonistyczną politykę monetarną. Tego typu działania prowadzone były już niejednokrotnie przez banki centralne w wielu innych krajach w przeszłości. Mimo tego, że rynek finansowy tak jak i inne rynki zbudowany jest według klasycznego modelu mechanizmu rynkowego, w którym współgrają ze sobą dwie strony rynku, tj. popyt i podaż a przedmiotem obrotu jest pieniądz w formie gotówkowej lub zawarty w różnych instrumentach finansowych to jednak jest to rynek zinstytucjonalizowany i uregulowany prawnie.
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