Search results

1

Behaviour architects: a framework for employing behavioural insights in public policy practice

100%

Olejniczak K., Śliwowski P., Roszczyńska-Kurasińska M.

Zarządzanie Publiczne / Public Governance

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2019

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issue 1(47)

18-32

EN

Objectives: Responses to policy initiatives of citizens and organisations often differ from those expected by policy designers. The article offers an analytical framework for holistic mapping of mechanisms driving policy addressees’ behaviours. Research design & methods: Article uses systematic literature review of policy design and behavioural insights studies to develop the framework. The framework is then empirically tested in a case study of a policy implemented in 2015 by the government of Poland to address the problem of obesity in school children. Methods include in-depth interviews with adults parents, school principals, canteen staff, surveys, and focus groups with parents and teenagers, ethnographic observations in school canteens. Findings: The empirical test proved the utility of the analytical framework in identifying flaws in policy design. Framework helped: (1) articulating an overall theory of change of regulation; (2) reframing the policy issue in behavioural terms, i.e., stating who, how, and in what context did not comply, and (3) identifying reasons for non-compliance related to capacity, motivation and opportunities of the policy subjects. Implications / Recommendations: The article proposes that policy designers should work as behaviour architects in order to design more effective public policies and avoid policy failures. They should consider mechanisms facilitating or hampering expected behaviours of policy addressees. Contribution / Value added: This article contributes to the theory and practice of policy design. It operationalises determinants of policy compliance from the perspective of applied behavioural science. It helps public policy scholars and practitioners to think systematically about policy subjects’ behaviours, decisions, and their determinants when analysing and designing policy solution.

2

A synthesis of evolutionary and behavioural economics

100%

Polowczyk J.

Economics and Business Review

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2021

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vol. 7

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issue 3

16-34

EN

The article presents the current state of evolutionary economics against the backdrop of changes related to the potential use of the achievements of other social sciences, in particular psychology, as well as dynamically developing neuroscience. The article suggests a synthesis of evolutionary and behavioural economics concepts as a logical consequence of evolutionary cooperation processes in social sciences. Interdisciplinary initiatives create new perspectives on generation synergy effects for all participants. Contemporary evolutionary economists present the nature of ongoing innovation-driven economic change as a long evolutionary process. The main creator of the econosphere as a global system is a man–entrepreneur who is also the result of evolutionary processes. For this reason evolutionary economics should take into account the results of behavioural economics’ research based on modern psychology and neuroscience. The cornerstone of evolutionary and behavioural economics synthesis are the theories of Adam Smith which should be regarded as his holistic intellectual heritage.

3

Stabilization of Financial Markets and Institutions in Light of Behavioural and Evolutionary Economics

100%

Czarnecki L.

FINANSE Czasopismo Komitetu Nauk o Finansach PAN

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2015

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issue 1(8)

71-93

EN

This article proposes the new methodology for the investigation of fluctuations in the level of financial sector and economy stability in analogy to ongoing research and experiments relating to the stability of natural ecosystems in biology. Pointing out an analogy between the natural evolutionary process and economic processes that force economies and businesses to change, I propose the methodology that adopts some rules governing the stabilization of ecosystems (such as the need for a large variety of organisms at each food chain level) for the purposes of analyses and research conducted to ensure the stabilization of the economy, especially the financial sector.

4

Analiza instytucji i zmian instytucjonalnych A. Allana Schmida

100%

Dzionek-Kozłowska J.

Ekonomia - Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu

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2013

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issue 4 (25)

42-53

XX

In recent decades there is a growing tendency in economics to question some concepts or even the whole paradigm dominant in economic science in the last century. Financial crisis which led to a considerable downturn in the economy in 2008−2009 has acted as an additional incentive to intensify this tendency. The debatable approach is known as neoclassical theory or neoclassical economics. The fact needs to be emphasised that a widening circle of critically-oriented scholars does not contend itself with pointing at the weaknesses of neoclassical economics. Their disapproval is accompanied by the attempts to establish a new analytical framework which would be free from the drawbacks of neoclassical theory and that can provide an alternative model of explaining the phenomena and processes taking place on economic level of social life. Researchers classified to institutional and behavioural economics, which still remains on the fringes of the orthodox approach, are particularly active in making the efforts of this kind. The aim of the article is to draw attention of Polish readers to the concept of A. Allan Schmid presented in his book entitled Conflict and Cooperation: Institutional and Behavioral Economics. Schmid’s work seems to be a significant step towards developing an alternative model of analysing economic phenomena and processes. The other point that is worth noticing is the fact that his concept has some interesting didactic values and could be recommended as an excellent supplementary item to a reading list proposed for economics courses. Relying on the ground of the New Institutional Economics (NIE), Schmid emphasis an interrelatedness between institutions and human behaviour. The fundamental significance of human behaviour for shaping institutions justifies invoking to scientific achievements of behavioural economics. Schmid tries to establish a model that could be applied not only to the analysis of an impact and significance of particular institutions on economic performance, but also to grasp the factors which seem to be important for changes in institutional structures. His solution is based on a three-stages model called SSP (situation – structure – performance). The first step consists in the delimitation of introductory conditions, the next is an analysis of institutional structure and the purpose of the last phase is to consider how this structure affects an allocation of benefits and losses of economic entities. The scheme is then consequently used for the analysis of a number of issues discussed in contemporary economic theory. Schmid competently avails himself of the concepts and conclusions expressed by the representatives of institutional and behavioural economics, which is understandable when his aim is taken into consideration. By so doing, Schmid not only shows complementarity of those two trends, but his approach, despite some weaknesses, could be treated also as a prolegomena to the synthesis of institutional and behavio

5

Ekonomia behawioralna w polskim systemie emerytalnym

100%

Kawiński M., Sieczkowski W.

Studia BAS

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2022

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issue 4(72)

103-121

EN

The article explores behavioural aspects of pension schemes. It begins with fundamental changes in social security schemes, described as financialisation, marketisation and privatisation. These processes provided background for the development of behavioural mechanisms. However, in practise, behavioural economics is usually narrowed to the patterns which are most frequently used and which are believed to be effective. The goal of the article is to check this effectiveness. A detailed analysis of different pension schemes shows that this effectiveness differs significantly and cannot be considered as a default feature. The authors argue that certain behavioural mechanisms have already been used in the Polish pension scheme, and the effectiveness analysis shows that effectiveness depends on the framework of the decision-making process.

6

Project Management in Behavioural Perspective – Cognitive Biases in the Formulation of the Aim of the Project

100%

Kiełczewski D., Matel A., Poskrobko T.

Ekonomia i Zarzadzanie

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2016

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vol. 8

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issue 3

70-78

EN

The article contains a behavioural analysis of the aim-formulating stage of the project. The purpose of the article is to point out that in the process of formulating the aim of the project, it comes to such decision-making situations which favour heuristic thinking. The article presents the results of the secondary research. As a result of verified theory, according to which in the process of formulating the aim of the project, the interference in decision-making processes may occur on the part of the heuristics and the resulting cognitive biases.

7

Ekonomia neoklasyczna versus ekonomia behawioralna. Libertariański paternalizm a reforma emerytalna

88%

Ostapiuk A.

Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym

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2019

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vol. 22

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issue 1

7-30

EN

The goal of the article is to criticise neoclassical economics from the behavioural economics perspective on the example of Poland’s reform of the retirement system (the possibility of earlier retirement). The creators of the reform assume that people are rational and will choose the best option and save enough for retirement. Thanks to conclusions from psychology we know that people cannot discount utility in time, but they behave in accordance with hyperbolic discounting. This situation leads to the conflict between preferences in time. To resolve this conflict, the concept of multiple selves is presented. Different preferences in time are not the problem for neoclassical economics, which assumes that people choose what is best for them (revealed preferences). The criticism of this assumption is presented along with the limitations of perceiving rationality in the instrumental sense. Thanks to axiomatic assumptions, neoclassical economists could dismiss conclusions from behavioural economics which concerns human irrationality. It proves that people do not always make the best choices, which is observable on the example of people who take early retirement. The concept of libertarian paternalism is presented as a way of helping people to make the “right” choices. The possibility of early retirement is presented as the default option. The author comes to the conclusion that this state is a flawed choice architecture because, despite its negative consequences, many people will choose early retirement.

8

The institutional context of rationality

88%

Godłów-Legiędź J.

Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym

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2017

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vol. 20

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issue 5

55-65

EN

In the last three decades, mainstream economics has been influenced by authors associated with new institutional economics and new behavioral economics. The dispute over rationality as an assumption of economic theories is becoming particularly evident and is taking new forms. The aim of this article is to examine the connections between the institutional and behavioral approaches as well as between researchers’ ideas as to what rationality is and their beliefs regarding an optimal economic system. It will demonstrate that so-called behavioral and institutional economists have more in common than not. Institutions play a key role in the arguments of behavioural economists, whereas the argument of institutional economists is almost always based on the issue of human cognitive abilities and emotions. What directly links the two trends is the attention given to the rationality of actions that an individual takes as a premise of economic choices and as an assumption of economic theories. Differences in views relate to the understanding of rationality and exist within the framework of behavioral economics itself. At the core of the dispute is the distinction between two concepts of rationality: constructivist and ecological. This distinction serves as a starting point for the second matter discussed in the article. The author argues that the concept of constructivist rationality is related to the vision of the top-down creation of social order, while the proponents of the ecological approach to rationality stress the importance of market institutions. Interestingly, from the perspective of cognitive psychology and the heuristics of Daniel Kahneman, it can be presumed that the convictions of a scholar about the “ideal system” can influence his or her arguments on the essence of human rationality.

9

Ethical considerations in solving economic problems

88%

Komorowski J.

Journal of Management and Financial Sciences

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2022

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issue 46

33-49

EN

The article addresses the issue of ethics in business. The positive attitude to ethics declared by some liberal economists confronts business units with new dilemmas. The economic conflicts, wars, and pandemic crisis treated as a challenge for economic recovery highlight the ethical side of choices. In this way, individualistic rationality is confronted with multilateral benefits. The relation between ethical norms and economic criteria considers the point of view respecting human participation in the process of managing a business. As a consequence, ignorance of ethics in business as a concept of applied ethics, which means ethical relativism, leads man to a crisis of values depriving the system of the liberal economy of a sense of orientation and thus hindering the search for rational solutions.Ethics introduces a personalistic dimension to economic considerations associated with an individual responsibility coming from respect for human values and dignity. In the social aspect, compliance with ethics is acondition of mutual acceptance, cooperation, and bonding within the community. Ultimately, the place of ethics in economics is a consequence of the relationship of economics with humans and, at the same time, the attitude of individuals to ethics. Paying more attention to ethical issues serves the humanisation of economic relations, displaces business egotism, and awakens the tendency to cooperate by seeking the common good.

10

Zachowania inwestycyjne na rynku nieruchomości w świetle założeń ekonomii behawioralnej – problemy metodologiczne.

75%

Kłobukowska J.

Pieniądze i Więź

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2014

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vol. 17

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issue 1(62)

140-148

PL

Inspiracją do podjęcia prezentowanego tematu była ekonomia behawioralna, która do wyjaśniania problemów ekonomicznych wykorzystuje teoretyczne i metodologiczne podstawy psychologii. Za kluczowe uznano zaprezentowanie w sposób zrozumiały, a zarazem kompletny fundamentów metodologii nauk ekonomicznych i jej znaczenia jako punktu wyjścia do pogłębionych badań rynku nieruchomości. Waga znajomości tych zagadnień wzrasta w procesie poznania, zrozumienia i wyjaśnienia psychologicznych przesłanek podejmowania decyzji na rynku nieruchomości oraz ich konsekwencji. W tym kontekście przedstawiono wybrane aspekty behawioralnego rynku nieruchomości: problem instynktu stadnego, zasadę współżycia społecznego czy efekt posiadania.

EN

The article was inspired by behavioural economics, which includes theoretical and methodological approaches of psychology in explaining economic problems. It shows in a very clear and complete manner the key role and significance of methodology of economics sciences as a point of departure to deepen research of real estate market. It is very important to recognize, understand and explain psychological implications of decision-making processes in the real estate market. The Author discusses selected aspects of behavioural real estate such us: herd mentality, principle of community life and endowment effect.

11

Bariery współpracy pomiędzy regulatorem a przedsiębiorstwami w zakresie regulacji z perspektywy ekonomii behawioralnej

75%

Szkudlarek P.

Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu

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2023

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vol. 67

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issue 4

143-152

EN

The aim of the article was to assess the importance of barriers to cooperation between regulatory authority and companies in the field of regulation from the perspective of behavioural economics. To achieve this goal the results of survey research conducted in Poland in the Office of Electronic Communications (OEC, n = 107) and the Energy Regulatory Office (ERO, n = 157) were used. The results of the research showed relatively greater importance of barriers in the form of risk propensity, market assessment, and choice of regulation tool, as well as the lack of partner relations and trust. It was indicated that the lack of need for cooperation, discouragement from cooperation and dishonesty are relatively less significant barriers. In several cases statistically significant differences in the assessment of these barriers between UKE and URE officials were also found. From the perspective of behavioural economics the importance of prospect theory, anchoring heuristic, framing effect, overconfidence effect, status quo effect and noise phenomenon was indicated.

PL

Celem artykułu była ocena znaczenia barier we współpracy pomiędzy regulatorem a przedsiębiorstwami w zakresie regulacji z perspektywy ekonomii behawioralnej. Do osiągnięcia celu badawczego wykorzystano wyniki badań ankietowych przeprowadzonych w urzędach regulacyjnych w Polsce: w Urzędzie Komunikacji Elektronicznej (UKE, n = 107) oraz w Urzędzie Regulacji Energetyki (URE, n = 157). Wyniki badania wykazały relatywnie większe znaczenie barier dotyczących skłonności do ryzyka, oceny rynku i wyboru narzędzia regulacji, a także braku partnerskich stosunków współpracy i zaufania. Jednocześnie badani wskazali na relatywnie mniejsze znaczenie braku potrzeby współpracy, zniechęcania do współpracy i nieuczciwości działań. W kilku przypadkach stwierdzono istotne statystycznie różnice w ocenie tych barier pomiędzy urzędnikami UKE i URE. W analizie barier z perspektywy ekonomii behawioralnej wskazano na znaczenie teorii perspektywy, heurystyki zakotwiczenia, efektu ramowania, efektu nadmiernej pewności, efektu status quo oraz na zjawiska szumu.

12

Behavioural Interventions in Regional Policy. Motivating Enterpreneurs to Use Support Instruments for Innovation

75%

Kulawczuk P.

Studia Regionalia

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2016

|

vol. 48

13

WYKORZYSTANIE DOROBKU EKONOMII BEHAWIORALNEJ W REFORMOWANIU SYSTEMÓW EMERYTALNYCH

75%

Szczepański M.

Polityka Społeczna

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2017

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vol. 44

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issue 8(521)

27–35

EN

The aim of this article is an attempt to describe and evaluate the use of some of the solutions of the theory of behavioral economics in the practice of reforming their pension systems. The effects of the application of behavioral economics at the reform of occupational pension schemes in the UK and New Zealand (automatic entry to the pension scheme with the possibility of withdrawal at a certain time) are encouraging (dissemination of occupational pension schemes, the increase in supplementary pension savings). Similar solution could be implemented in Poland. Indicate also some risks associated with the use of behavioral economics in reforming pension systems (for example: the manipulation of behavior and decisions of participants of pension schemes, misselling).

PL

Celem poznawczym artykułu jest próba oceny zastosowania niektórych rozwiązań wypracowanych na gruncie teorii ekonomii behawioralnej w praktyce reformowania systemów emerytalnych. Przedmiotem prezentowanych wyników badań są dotychczasowe rezultaty zastosowania ekonomii behawioralnej przy reformowaniu zakładowych systemów emerytalnych w Wielkiej Brytanii i Nowej Zelandii (automatyczny zapis do programu emerytalnego z możliwością odstąpienia w określonym czasie). Osiągnięte w tych krajach efekty (upowszechnienie zakładowych systemów emerytalnych, zwiększenie poziomu dodatkowych oszczędności emerytalnych) są zachęcające. Na tej podstawie sformułowano rekomendacje co do możliwości zastosowania podobnych rozwiązań w Polsce. Wskazano także na pewne zagrożenia związane z wykorzystaniem ekonomii behawioralnej w reformowaniu systemów emerytalnych (m.in. manipulowanie zachowaniami i decyzjami uczestników systemu emerytalnego nie zawsze zgodne z ich interesem, misselling).

14

The Implications of the Fourth Industrial Revolution for Information Asymmetry on the Market: Selected Aspects

75%

Płonka M.

Zarządzanie Publiczne / Public Governance

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2020

|

issue 2(52)

28-38

EN

Objectives: The identification and systematisation of the phenomenon of information asymmetry on the market in theory and practice, and anticipating the impact of this phenomenon on the market and socio-economic relations in the era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Research Design & Methods: Theoretical and cognitive studies, case studies, and inductive reasoning. Findings: In the era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, the innovation and information sector determines changes in the direction, dynamics, and structure of socio-economic development, which means that information has become an independent resource of special value. In the face of changes, the asymmetry of information on the market will deepen. This is due to the growing gap between the exponential increase in knowledge and anti-knowledge, and the limited, constant perception of the human brain and human tendency to opportunism, which means that in the field of information processing, artificial intelligence will be winning against human intelligence. Against this background, new threats are emerging that require new knowledge, skills, and competences from market participants and the state. Implications / Recommendations: Solving the problem of information asymmetry is a common economic good that should be co-created by all sides of social, market, and public relations through regulatory and educational mechanisms. It is better to anticipate the cooperation of human intelligence with that of machines rather than engage in a conflict. The use of rich information resources, including the selection of irrelevant, manipulated, or false information will become a key skill of market participants, and the state should, through its tools, eliminate the negative effects of information asymmetry. Contribution / Value Added: The subjective evolution of approaches to the phenomenon of information asymmetry from classical economics to behavioural economics, the identification of the relationship between information asymmetry and moral hazard and their consequences, the exemplification of problems on the basis of positive economics in the conditions of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Article classification: theoretical and review article JEL classification: D82, D91, D81, B25, D01

15

Does behavioural economics equip policy-makers with a complete (enough) picture of the human: the case of nudging

75%

Wincewicz-Price A.

Zarządzanie Publiczne / Public Governance

|

2019

|

issue 2(48)

58-73

EN

Objectives: The article offers a critical discussion of the policy of nudging and suggests so far unexplored evaluation criteria for behavioural policy experts and practitioners. Research design: A multi-disciplinary approach is taken here to fill out the thin anthropology of homo economicus – which is shown to inform the concept of nudging – with selected aspects of human agency which are commonly discussed in moral, political and economic philosophy. The aim of this paper is twofold: 1) to outline the conceptual shortcomings of the behavioural foundations of the nudge theory as it has been originally proposed by Thaler and Sunstein; 2) to suggest several non-behavioural aspects of human agency and action which extend the original concept of nudging and should be accounted for by policy-makers in their design of nudge-like behavioural interventions. Findings: It is claimed that mere inclusion of cognitive biases and irrationalities in the behavioural approach to policy does not sufficiently extend the artificial concept of the rational agent; in particular this narrow understanding of human failure misses important aspects of the rich concept of well-being. Implications: The use of nudges requires a comprehensive knowledge of the application context. In underspecified decision contexts, choice architects need to apply more care and critical reflection in order to prevent unintended or harmful consequences of nudging. Contribution: It is rare for pragmatically oriented public policy research to focus on the philosophical concepts that inform its theory and practice. This paper is a philosophical reflection on some key elements inherent in nudging. It helps better to understand the ambiguous design, potential and limitations of nudge policy.

16

Wykorzystanie ekonomii behawioralnej do wyjaśnienia zachowań konsumentów na rynku energii elektrycznej

75%

Aziewicz A.

Studia i Materiały

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2021

|

issue 1(34)

18-27

EN

The aim of the paper is to (1) verify the validity of choosing behavioural economics to analyse irrational consumer behaviour in the electricity market and (2) considering the occurrence of cognitive biases, proposing actions influencing consumer behavior to achieve the desired effects. The reason for taking up this subject is the conviction that the neoclassical economic models cannot fully explain the phenomena observed in the electricity market. Those models assume that the process of making individual decisions in the market is fully rational. Meanwhile, observations and analyses of literature and research point to deviations from rationality in consumer behaviour in the electricity market. The paper will describe consumer behaviour in the electricity market and, if possible, characterise the observed deviations from rationality from the point of view of behavioural economics.

PL

Autorka porusza kwestie odchyleń od racjonalności wśród konsumentów na rynku energii elektrycznej. Neoklasyczne modele ekonomiczne w niewystarczającym stopniu tłumaczą zjawiska zachodzące na tym rynku. Na potrzeby niniejszej publikacji określono dwa cele badawcze. Pierwszym jest wskazanie błędów poznawczych, możliwych do zaobserwowania wśród konsumentów energii w różnych państwach świata. Drugim celem artykułu jest określenie działań, które na podstawie zdobytych informacji dotyczących zniekształceń poznawczych mogą przyczynić się do bardziej ekonomicznego oraz ekologicznego konsumowania energii przez odbiorców końcowych energii elektrycznej. Tym samym można stwierdzić, że realizacja drugiego celu jest zależna od osiągnięcia pierwszego. We wprowadzeniu czytelnik zapozna się z nowymi wyzwaniami związanymi z funkcjonowaniem systemów elektroenergetycznych w świecie dążącym do poprawy efektywności energetycznej przy jednoczesnej ochronie środowiska. Ze względu na fakt, że istotną rolę w procesie zmian odegrają odbiorcy końcowi energii elektrycznej, ważne jest wskazanie teorii ekonomii, która najlepiej objaśni zachowania człowieka w procesie podejmowania decyzji. W kolejnej części artykułu autorka przedstawi podstawowe informacje związane z teorią ekonomii behawioralnej. Omówione zostaną błędy poznawcze oraz występowanie ograniczonej racjonalności. Następnie zaprezentowany zostanie przegląd przeprowadzonych na rynku energii elektrycznej badań, zrealizowanych w różnych krajach świata w nurcie behawioralnym. W ostatniej części artykułu zawarto zestawienie zaobserwowanych błędów poznawczych oraz przedstawiono propozycje działań w przypadku wystąpienia zjawisk odbiegających od racjonalnych zachowań.

17

Sociocultural valuation of ecosystem services in protected areas: A study applied to Southeast Spain

75%

López-Felices B., Schoenemann M., Román-Sánchez I. M., Aznar-Sánchez J. A.

Oeconomia Copernicana

|

2023

|

vol. 14

|

issue 4

1257-1302

EN

Research background: Protected areas (PAs) play a fundamental role in the maintenance of ecosystem processes and in the flow of ecosystem services (ESs) they provide. However, the management of PAs is complex due to the existence of different stakeholders with disparate and, often, opposed preferences and valuations. The sociocultural assessment of ESs contributes to optimizing the management of scarce resources based on the preferences of the different stakeholders, taking into account the economic, environmental and social dimensions of the analysed area. Purpose of the article: In this work, a sociocultural assessment of the ESs provided by a PA in southeast Spain is carried out. The objective is to identify which the various ESs provided by this PA are and to establish their degree of importance for all the stakeholders involved. Methods: For this, different complementary methodologies have been used in successive phases, both qualitative and quantitative. Specifically, a literature review, in-depth interviews and an assessment questionnaire were used. Findings & value added: Based on the results obtained, a series of measures are proposed to improve the sustainable management of the PA and the socioeconomic development of its environment. The results of this study may be useful for PAs whose management tries to find a balance between conservation measures and the design of models that contribute to the socioeconomic development of their area of influence.

18

Konkurencyjność firm w świetle teorii ekonomii behawioralnej Richarda H. Thalera

71%

Skrzek-Lubasińska M.

Kwartalnik Nauk o Przedsiębiorstwie

|

2020

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vol. 57

|

issue 4

15-31

EN

The article contains a review of R. Thaler’s scientific output with respect to its possible use for the analysis of competitiveness of companies. The attention is focused particularly on the smallest businesses, including the self-employed. An attempt is made to answer the question of how the introduction of behavioural elements into the competitiveness analysis of enterprises of this type can foster the development of science and how it can be used in the economic practice. Inspired by Thaler’s scientific output, the author decided to identify the main tools developed by Thaler, including the various types of cognitive biases, systematic errors, or supposedly irrelevant factors that are overlooked in the mainstream economic theories which, in fact, are essential for the decision-making process. An additional aim of the analysis is to identify the research areas which, if enriched with elements of behavioural economics, could be most beneficial. Two such areas are identified: in the microeconomic theory – the area of “manufacturer’s decisions”, and in the macroeconomic theory – the area of state intervention and public policies.

PL

Artykuł jest przeglądem dorobku R. Thalera pod kątem możliwości jego wykorzystania do analizy konkurencyjności firm. Uwaga została skupiona szczególnie na firmach najmniejszych, w tym samozatrudnionych. Podjęto próbę odpowiedzi na pytanie, w jaki sposób wprowadzenie elementów behawioralnych do analizy konkurencyjności przedsiębiorstw tego typu, może pomóc w rozwoju nauki oraz jak może być wykorzystane w praktyce gospodarczej. Traktując dorobek naukowy Thalera jako inspirację, postanowiono zidentyfikować główne narzędzia przez niego wypracowane, w tym różne typy błędów poznawczych, systematycznych błędów czy rzekomo nieistotne czynniki, które są pomijane w głównych nurtach teorii ekonomii, a w rzeczywistości mają istotne znaczenie dla procesu podejmowania decyzji. Dodatkowym celem analizy było zidentyfikowanie obszarów badawczych, których wzbogacenie o elementy ekonomii behawioralnej mogłoby przynieść najwięcej korzyści. Wyodrębniono dwa takie obszary: w teorii mikroekonomii – obszar „decyzje producenta” oraz w teorii makroekonomii – obszar dotyczący interwencji państwa i prowadzenia polityk publicznych.

19

Usage of Behavioural Innovation in the Context of the COVID-19 Crisis

63%

Czerwonka M., Siembida J.

Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio H – Oeconomia

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2022

|

vol. 56

|

issue 3

7-17

EN

Theoretical background: The theoretical basis for this paper are issues of behavioural economics that question a standard assumption of homo oeconomicus and provide knowledge on the way people make decisions. It refers mainly to extraordinary situations such as, e.g. the COVID-19 pandemic. The article draws also on Thaler’s nudge theory, which claims that some aspects of behavioural theory might be successfully used to shape public policies using appropriate tools (simplicities, default options, framing, approximation of consequences, design, or reference to social norms).Purpose of the article: The article aims to overview the use of tools of behavioural economics to fight the COVID-19 pandemic and to popularize these solutions. There were presented examples of how behavioural innovations are used in various contexts by state authorities from different parts of the world. The overview may provide inspiration for implementing new solutions based on nudge theory that ultimately would contribute both to more effective and higher-rated actions undertaken by governments as well as to faster combat against the pandemic.Research methods: The article refers to theories from behavioural economics (prospect theory, nudge theory) and media reports on methods of fighting and mitigating negative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in various countries, also those with different cultural backgrounds. The article provides an overview of such methods and presents mechanisms of behavioural economics that underlie them, along with positive results of these very methods, thereby proving their effectiveness.Main findings: The mechanisms presented, and the examples of their consecutive appliance prove the effectiveness of behavioural economics as a tool in the combat against the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite potential cultural differences, the effectiveness of behavioural tools across countries with different cultural backgrounds was presented. It was suggested that applying choice architecture on a larger scale in public policies may bring about positive effects, especially in crisis situations such as, e.g. a pandemic on a global scale.

PL

Uzasadnienie teoretyczne: Podstawą teoretyczną artykułu są zagadnienia z zakresu ekonomii behawioralnej, która kwestionując standardowe założenie racjonalnego zachowania (homo oeconomicus), dostarcza informacji nt. sposobu podejmowania decyzji przez ludzi, w szczególności w sytuacjach wyjątkowych, do których należy np. pandemia COVID-19. Artykuł bazuje także na teorii szturchnięcia R. Thalera, wg. której założenia ekonomii behawioralnej mogą zostać z powodzeniem wykorzystane w kształtowaniu polityk publicznych za pomocą odpowiednich narzędzi (uproszczeń, opcji domyślnych, ramowania, przybliżania konsekwencji, projektowania czy odwołania do norm społecznych).Cel artykułu: Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przegląd wykorzystania narzędzi ekonomii behawioralnej w walce z pandemią COVID-19 oraz popularyzacja niniejszych rozwiązań. Przedstawione zostały przykłady użycia innowacji behawioralnych w różnym kontekście, przez władze państw z różnych stron świata. Niniejszy przegląd może stanowić inspirację dla wprowadzenia nowych rozwiązań opartych o teorię szturchnięcia, które docelowo przyczyniłyby się zarówno do podejmowania przez rządzących działań skuteczniejszych i lepiej ocenianych, jak i szybszego zwalczenia pandemii.Metody badawcze: W artykule wykorzystano teorie z zakresu ekonomii behawioralnej (teoria perspektywy, teoria szturchnięcia) oraz doniesienia medialne nt. metod walki i niwelowania negatywnych skutków pandemii COVID-19 w różnych krajach, także o odmiennych uwarunkowaniach kulturowych. Niniejszy artykuł zawiera przegląd takich metod oraz przedstawia mechanizmy z zakresu ekonomii behawioralnej, które leżą u ich podłoża, wraz z pozytywnymi efektami użycia niniejszych metod, dowodzący tym samym ich skuteczność.Główne wnioski: Zaprezentowane mechanizmy i przykłady ich sukcesywnego wykorzystania świadczą o skuteczności ekonomii behawioralnej jako narzędzia w walce z pandemią COVID-19. Mimo potencjalnych różnic kulturowych, przedstawiono skuteczność narzędzi behawioralnych na przestrzeni krajów o różnych uwarunkowaniach kulturowych. Zasugerowano, że zastosowanie architektury wyboru na szerszą skalę w politykach publicznych może nieść pozytywne skutki, w szczególności w sytuacjach kryzysowych takich jak np. pandemia na skalę światową.

20

Wprowadzenie do ekonomicznej analizy prawa w odniesieniu do prawa o zobowiązaniach umownych oraz do polityki regulacyjnej państwa

63%

Ulen T. S.

Zarządzanie Publiczne / Public Governance

|

2011

|

issue 4(18)

5-25

PL

Esej rozpoczyna się od krótkiej prezentacji ekonomicznej analizy prawa jako dyscypliny naukowej, podane są przykłady różnic między ekonomiczną analizą prawa i tzw. analizą doktrynalną. Następnie omówione zostają dwa najważniejsze nurty badawcze w dziedzinie będącej przedmiotem szczególnego zainteresowania autora - wykorzystywanie pojęć zaczerpniętych z ekonomii behawioralnej do analizy prawa oraz rozwój empirycznych badań przepisów prawa. Po wyjaśnieniu, dlaczego są one tak ważne, autor przedstawia przykłady znaczących różnic między wnioskami, do których dochodzą przedstawiciele nowych nurtów myślenia, a interpretacjami proponowanymi przez zwolenników bardziej tradycyjnego podejścia do zagadnień prawa, a także omawia ich wpływ na politykę prawną i regulacyjną.

EN

The author starts his essay with a brief overview of law and economics as a research discipline and offers examples of how its analysis differs from that of doctrinal analysis, an older style of legal analysis. Next, he focuses on what he considers to be the two most important developments in the area - the incorporation of behavioural economics into the analysis of law and the emergence of empirical legal studies. After explaining why he considers them to be of such importance, he gives examples of how the legal and regulatory policies suggested by these developments significantly differ from the previous ones.

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