Search results

1

Kolejna glosa do rozważań wokół pojęcia wiedzy i jej stosunku do niealetycznych stanów mentalnych

100%

Bogusławski A.

Linguistica Copernicana

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2016

|

issue 13

67-86

EN

The author recalls the controversy over the definability or indefinability of he concept of knowledge, more exactly, of the concept 'knows that', and presents a catalogue of arguments in favour of its indefinability. The main part of the article is a critical discussion of T. Ciecierski's (2013) view of what he calls "nastawienia sądzeniowe" (roughly, "belief attitudes") as being based on what he is prepared to dub an "elementary" truth, viz. the would-be truth of the claim that 'know that' is doxastically definable.

2

Job 42:6 and Telling the Truth

80%

Drozdek A.

Poznańskie Studia Teologiczne

|

2009

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issue 23

55-58

EN

The interesting problem of the Book of Job is the „sin” of Job’s friends. What wrong did they say that Job was to pray that God would forgive them? Why their sober words were considered by God as sinful while Job’s speeches, full of anger, were judged as proper? The answer lies in the context - not in the text only.

3

Painajakogemusest raakimine internetifoorumites

70%

Reet H.

Mäetagused

|

2015

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vol. 59

51-74

EN

The article focuses on sharing nightmare experience on Internet forums. The author discusses how people, who, as a rule, are not active carriers of a consistent nightmare lore, speak about this phenomenon, how and on the basis of which sources they define and interpret their experience, and which dynamics become manifest in solving ideological arguments. One of the objectives of the article is to find out if we could, in spite of the fact that nightmare forum users are rather random and with very different backgrounds, regard them as a lore community, who, in their interaction, verbalise and interpret an individual’s experience as consistent with the existing tradition. Also, the material obtained from the forums is compared with older nightmare texts, in order to highlight the features inherent in present-day material. In light of the forum material concerned with nightmare lore, we could agree with Susana Arroyo Redondo (2006: 2), researcher of culture and literature, who has stated that old legends, protective phrases, evil spirits and deities have evolved in the same rhythm as new technologies, and the Internet has provided them with a privileged circulation platform (Redondo 2006: 2). As nightmare experience is intensely perceptible both physically and mentally, it is hard to ignore. Discussions about nightmares on Internet forums abound in references to a number of different belief and cultural traditions (older Estonian folklore, New Age literature, horror movies, medical explanations), which are creatively combined within forum discussions. The discussants are connected by means of a similar experience and related emotions, as well as exchange of information and disputes about defining their experiences and protective measures, and the wish to free them from this experience, which is regarded as abnormal and morbid – so, communication processes on the forums can be compared to those occurring in classical lore communities. Yet, the folklorisation process of present-day nightmare experiences is influenced by explanation versions with many more motifs and a multicultural background, and the variability of helpful measures is much higher (for example, self-created incantations and protective measures borrowed from other cultures). Archival texts mainly reveal the narrator’s firm understanding of what kind of being caused their supernatural experience, whereas present-day forum posts show ample hesitation in defining the experience and its causes. The shapes in which the nightmare appeared were also different. While in older lore the nightmare could have appeared in the shape of an animal, then the contemporary nightmare is almost exclusively depicted as anthropomorphic. It could be noted that even if many motifs known from older Estonian lore were repetitive in forum conversations, the specificity of forum conversations created a novel group dynamics (for instance, certain patterns in opposing other users). Unlike older texts, forum discussions present also parallel discourses of modern science and medicine; however, the main emphasis still lies on magical and supernatural nightmare experience.

4

Epistemo-Semantic Coherentism: An Attitudinal View of Meaning Based on Epistemic Pragmatism

70%

Taşdelen I. s.

Studia Semiotyczne

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2019

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vol. 33

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issue 1

PL

This article develops a conception of linguistic meaning that treats it as an attitude on the part of language users towards pairs of expressions. As with propositional attitudes, these meaning attitudes are subject to being deliberately altered over time by language users, with the aim of maximizing the efficiency of their language use. Therefore, meaning attitudes can be justified or refuted in practical terms. Our instrumentalist-coherentist approach, which allows for meanings to be advocated for alongside beliefs, provides a viable theory of justification of that kind. This view fits better with the evolutionary nature of linguistic phenomena, and resolves the problem of substitutability in opaque contexts.

5

Belief as a Cognitive and Practical Commitment

70%

Djigo S.

Ethics in Progress

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2013

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vol. 4

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issue 2

34-45

EN

Exploring the idea of a more practical relationship between the agent and his own mental life leaves room for reconsidering the relevance of the familiar analogy between reasons for belief and reasons for action. Even if their difference is usually admitted, they are also treated as equivalent, in the sense that the connection between reasons to believe and the arising belief would be analogous to the connection between reasons for action and the arising action. If such an analogy might be relevant to a certain extent in the frame of a theoretical stance towards oneself, I'll argue that it cannot be maintained once we have put the agent at the heart of self-knowledge.

6

Can cigarette smoking make a man appear sexier and stronger to women?

70%

Czarna A., Szmajke A.

Psychological Studies

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2011

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vol. 49

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issue 5

23-40

EN

This paper focuses on naďve theories, illusions, and misconceptions regarding the outcome of men’s cigarette smoking on female impressions. Beliefs about those outcomes were examined in a correlational study and their content was compared with the results of previous experimental verifi cation. Male and female participants (N = 396) responded to an advertisement placed on an online general-interest forum and completed a questionnaire concerning their beliefs about the impact of cigarette smoking in men on their self-presentation to women. This included impressions of attractiveness, intelligence, strength, sexiness, and other male qualities. Results show that people believe that smoking decreases a man’s perceived aptitude for being a woman’s long-term partner. The belief that smoking enhances a man’s attractiveness to a woman as a short-term partner was limited to female smokers. Non-smokers believed that smoking in men signals poor impulse-control. Gender, age, smoking status (smoker vs non-smoker), and number of cigarettes smoked daily appeared to play an important role in predicting expressed beliefs. Young female smokers were indicated as the subgroup bearing the most optimistic illusions.

7

Fatalizm logiczny i teologiczny a przedwiedza Boża. Krytyka argumentu antyredukcyjnego Lindy Zagzebski

70%

Lukasiewicz D.

Analiza i Egzystencja. Czasopismo Filozoficzne

|

2014

|

issue 26

5 - 19

XX

The article presents arguments for theological and logical fatalism and analyzes the view that the theological fatalism can be reduced to or transformed into the logical one. Next, there follows a critique of Linda Zagzebski’s thesis that theological fatal- ism is not reducible to logical fatalism. The article begins with a brief presentation of the controversy between the proponents and opponents of the theological fatalism.

8

"You Can't Get by Without the Dream": Belief in Julian Barnes's A History of the World in 10 ½ Chapters

70%

Tory E.

Romanian Journal of English Studies

|

2014

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vol. 11

|

issue 1

137-143

EN

This paper presents a less examined dimension of Barnes’s writings, which is the dominant role that belief plays in the development of his characters in A History of the World in 10 1/2 Chapters. The main argument of my essay is whether love can be considered as the most significant proposition of the novel. A content-based analysis of the novel’s “The Survivor” chapter demonstrates Barnes’ sceptic attitude towards postmodern rationalism, while the examination of "Parenthesis" and "Dream" chapter shows that hope, which becomes synonymous with belief in the novel, is actually the most permeating phenomenon in the novel.

9

Incompleteness and the meaning of mystery for scientist and theologian

70%

Magnin T.

Human and Social Studies

|

2012

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vol. 1

|

issue 1

109-138

EN

1. The most incomprehensible thing would be for the world to be comprehensible; 2. An initial decision regarding the scientific approach: the construction of the meaning in the absence of it (d’in-sensé); 3. The condition and the elevation to the universal in E. Weil; 4. The initial tension of the identical and the other in E. Levinas; 5. Richness of the collective attitudes of those confronting with the mystery of knowledge; 6. The act of believing, another way to enter in the mystery of Believe for a Christian; 7. Knowledge through signs; 8. The theology in front of the mystery of God; 9. The negative way; 10. The eminence way; 11. The fascination of the Vatican II council for the unity of contraries.

10

Extended Cognitive System and Epistemic Subject

61%

Trybulec B.

Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric

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2015

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vol. 40

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issue 1

111-128

EN

The concept of an extended cognitive system is central to contemporary studies of cognition. In the paper I analyze the place of the epistemic subject within the extended cognitive system. Is it extended as well? In answering this question I focus on the differences between the first and the second wave of arguments for the extended mind thesis. I argue that the position of Cognitive Integration represented by Richard Menary is much more intuitive and fruitful in analyses of cognition and knowledge than the early argument formulated by Andy Clark and David Chalmers. Cognitive Integration is compatible with virtue epistemology of John Greco’s agent reliabilism. The epistemic subject is constituted by its cognitive character composed of an integrated set of cognitive abilities and processes. Some of these processes are extended, they are a manipulation of external informational structures and, as such, they constitute epistemic practices. Epistemic practices are normative; to conduct them correctly the epistemic subject needs to obey epistemic norms embedded in the cultural context. The epistemic subject is not extended because of the casual coupling with external informational artifacts which extend his mind from inside the head and into the world. Rather, cognitive practices constitute the subject’s mind, they transform his cognitive abilities, and this is what makes the mind and epistemic subject “extended”.

11

Hume and Kantian Teleology

61%

Mercer R.

Open Theology

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2014

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vol. 1

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issue 1

EN

This paper argues that Hume’s claim to have some belief in God is accurate because his own philosophy is held together by a teleological underpinning that leads to the idea of God. Previous work that has favorably connected Hume’s philosophy to Kant’s provides a framework to argue that Hume inadvertently admits a teleological a priori in understanding nature in the same way that Kant understands teleology as the “lawfulness of the contingent.” Having connected Hume and Kant through teleological aesthetics, this paper moves to show how this teleology underwrites several positive statements about God that Hume makes in the Dialogues.

12

Kiire ja tervislik toit – kas alati ka usaldusvaarne? Kaubanduslikud kuulujutud tanapaeva tarbimisuhiskonnas

61%

Eda K.

Mäetagused

|

2015

|

vol. 59

75-96

EN

The article gives an overview of the formation and origin of two food-related rumour cycles that have circulated in Estonia, various viewpoints and opinions about present-day consumption and trade, which have been highlighted in these rumours, discussions, comments in discussion forums and articles, as well as of people’s problems, fears, and stereotypic beliefs. The first commercial rumour about salad rinsing and other commercial frauds is of Estonian origin. Namely, in 2006 a rumour started to circulate in Estonian social networks and later on also in newspapers that local store chains were selling salads past the expiration date, with the spoiled dressing washed out and replaced with fresh. The second rumour, most probably of USA origin, was associated with international market and trade and began to spread in Estonia at the beginning of 2013, through a chain letter disseminated in social networking sites, warning people about the harmfulness of baby carrots.

13

MISCELLANEA: Écrasez l’infâme: Voltaire’s Philosophy of Religion

61%

Kruszyńska S.

Miscellanea Anthropologica et Sociologica

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2015

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vol. 16(1)

125-137

PL

The author presents the basic premises of Voltaire’s philosophy of religion, based on a recreationof its historical and philosophical context, as well as an analysis of source texts.This includes: the declared elitism of Voltaire and les philosophes, referring to the “brilliant”philosophical and scientific mind; their affirmation of the necessity to separate eliteand common knowledge; and their conviction that religious faith (religious fanaticism)is obviously the source of all evil in the world. Such a discursive field renders the disputebetween deists and atheists insignificant, as both deism and atheism are included as formsof “philosophical religion”, that is, two forms of religious knowledge meriting popularization.Elite philosophical knowledge considers deism to be safer than atheism, nonethelessregarding the “brilliant” human mind as the proper object of worship in the so-called“religion of les philosophes”. One of the dogmas in this “religion” is a ruthless, albeit bloodless,war on evil.

14

A Critique of Turri's Experimental Research on Selfless Assertions

61%

Gaszczyk G.

Diametros

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2019

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vol. 16

|

issue 59

23-34

EN

In this paper, I show that Turri’s (2015a) experimental study concerning selfless assertions is defective and should therefore be rejected. One performs a selfless assertion when one states something that one does not believe, and hence does not know, despite possessing well supported evidence to the contrary. Following his experimental study, Turri argues that agents in fact both believe and know the content of their selfless assertions. In response to this claim, I demonstrate that the conclusions he draws are premature in this regard. More specifically, I criticize his methodology, showing that his study is not only incomplete but also yields contradictory results. In closing, I propose how such a study should be conducted in order to receive comprehensive results.

15

God’s Divinely Justified Knowledge is Incompatible with Human Free Will

61%

Shook J.

Forum Philosophicum

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2010

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vol. 15

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issue 1

141-159

EN

A new version of the incompatibilist argument is developed. Knowledge is (at least) justified true belief. If God’s divine knowledge must be justified knowledge, then humans cannot have the “alternative possibilities” type of free will. This incompatibilist argument is immunized against the application of the hard-soft fact distinction. If divine knowledge is justified, then the only kind of facts that God can know are hard facts, permitting this incompatibilist argument to succeed.

16

DELUSION, BELIEF, AND CONVICTION: THE QUESTION OF NORMALITY FROM THE VIEWPOINT OF PSYCHOLOGY, PHYSIOLOGY, AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

61%

Kéri S.

Magyar Pszichologiai Szemle (Hungarian Psychological Review)

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2012

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vol. 67

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issue 2

295-315

EN

According to the classic definition, delusion is a fixed false belief that is incompatible with reality and cannot be modified and corrected by persuasion and facts. More recently, it is often considered as a phenomenon similar to everyday belief formation, in which sensory and reasoning biases play an important role. Biased processing of social signals, unusual experiences, and search for meaning lead to beliefs via early jumping to conclusions, attributional biases, and mentalization. These processes may be modulated by social context and may turn into a self-reinforcing circle. In this paper, I present data demonstrating the normal distribution of delusion-like phenomena in the general population, similarly to their physiological and molecular markers (habituation of autonomic arousal, activation of the AKT intracellular messenger system). From a neurochemical point of view, dopamine has a positive effect ameliorating apathy and some cognitive deficits in neurological disorders, but its receptor agonists may induce psychotic-like phenomena, including overvalued ideas in patients with Parkinson’s disease. This can be explained by increased aberrant salience in simple conditioning paradigms. The most important challenge for future research is to identify the disease-predictive effect of these subclinical signs and biological markers.

17

On notions of assertion, knowledge and opinion in epistemic logic

61%

Nieznański E.

Studia Philosophiae Christianae

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2011

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vol. 47

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issue 4

73-83

EN

In the article there is presented a formalized theory in frame of which there are compared three stages of convictions (S – I am (firmly) convinced, D – I admit, P - I suppose), W operator understood as “I know, that” and M operator reads as “I believe, that”. The theory is characterized both on syntactic and semantic level. In frame of a syntactic description there are noticed certain logical square connections between S and D, e.g.: S(p) is contrary to D(Np) and S(p) is opposite to S(Np). S(Np) is contrary to D(p). Expressions: D(p) and D(Np) are sub-opposite. Operators P and S are introduced axiomatically. Operators D, W, and M are characterized by definitions, which are understood in the following way: Def 1: I admit, that p iff I am not firmly convinced, that not–p Def 2: I know, that p iff p and I am firmly convinced, that p Def 3: I believe, that p iff I suppose that p and I admit, that not–p. On semantic level we consider a structure (T, <, ≤ ), where T is a set of time points, < is a relation of being earlier than, and ≤ is a relation of being not later than.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono propozycję sformalizowanej teorii, w której nadane oraz wzajemnie porównywane są znaczenia trzech stopni przekonań (S- sądzę stanowczo, D- dopuszczam, P- przypuszczam), funktora W rozumianego jako zwrot „wiem, że” oraz funktora M rozumianego jako zwrot „mniemam, że”. Teoria ta posiada zarówno ujęcie składniowe jak i semantyczne. Przedstawiając ujęcie składniowe tworzonej teorii zwraca się uwagę na to, że pomiędzy funktorem S oraz D zachodzą związki kwadratu logicznego. Oznacza to, że S(p) jest sprzeczne z D(Np), natomiast przeciwne do S(Np). S(Np) jest sprzeczne z D(p). Parę wyrażeń podprzeciwnych stanowią: D(p) oraz D(Np). Pojęcia: „sądzę stanowczo”, „przypuszczam”, „dopuszczam” wyrażają różne stopnie przekonania. Najmocniejszy stopień przekonania kryje się w zwrocie „sądzę stanowczo”, słabszy w zwrocie „przypuszczam”, a najsłabszy w zwrocie „dopuszczam”. Dlatego też z S(p) wynika logicznie P(p), a z P(p) wynika logicznie D(p). Funktor P jak i S wprowadzone są do teorii aksjomatycznie. Funktory: D (dopuszczam, że),W (wiem, że) oraz funktor M (mniemam, że) wprowadzone są poprzez kontekstowe definicje równościowe. Definicje te w przełożeniu na język naturalny brzmią następująco: Def 1: Dopuszczam, że p wtedy i tylko wtedy, gdy nie sądzę stanowczo, iż nieprawda, że p. Def 2: Wiem, że p wtedy i tylko wtedy, gdy zarazem p oraz sądzę stanowczo, że p. Def 3: Mniemam, że p wtedy i tylko wtedy, gdy przypuszczam, że p, ale jednocześnie dopuszczam, że nieprawda, że p. Zgodnie z definicją Def 2 funktor wiedzy jest silniejszy od każdego z rozpatrywanych stopni przekonań. W ujęciu semantycznym została wyróżniona struktura (T, <, ≤ ) – w której T jest zbiorem punktów czasowych, < to relacja bycia wcześniejszym, natomiast ≤ jest relacją bycia nie późniejszym – i zdefiniowane indukcyjnie pojęcie prawdziwości w chwili t.

18

Analysis of Anxiety, Knowledge, and Beliefs Toward E-Learning During Covid-19: The Case of Science Teachers in Aceh, Indonesia

61%

Halim A., Irwandi I., Yunisrina Qismullah Y., Yakob M.

The New Educational Review

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2021

|

vol. 64

111-121

EN

The aim of this research is to analyze anxiety, knowledge, and belief toward e-learning acceptance, especially by science teachers in high schools in Aceh, Indonesia. About 117 teachers were randomly selected for this study. A questionnaire was used to collect data, and analyzed using the Likert scale. The results indicate that most teachers view the use of e-learning in teaching science to be positive. Despite the fact that only half of them are knowledgeable in the use of media and have concerns about some negative effects of e-learning on students, they still believed in the usefulness of e-learning in science education. Hence, more related research is recommended to further corroborate the findings of this study.

19

ROZUM – WIEDZA – WIARA DYNAMIKA ZNACZEŃ

51%

Kublikowski R.

Roczniki Filozoficzne

|

2012

|

vol. 60

|

issue 2

71-88

EN

The main goal of this paper is to explicate the meaning of such words as “reason”, ”knowledge” and “faith.” In addition, some relationships between these notions are analysed. Two attitudes can be distinguished: “faith — reason/knowledge” and “reason/knowledge – faith”. In the first case faith is initial, but a believer can take a rational (intellectual) effort to analyse what faith is. The second attitude is realised in the rational search to find faith. Many different types of arguments for the sentence “God exists” have been invented over years. These arguments have been the tools used in the cases of both attitudes. The arguments are analysed and discussed. The notion of argument is related to the notion of persuasion. Some different situa- tions can be distinguished: a claim is rightly argued and somebody is persuaded by this claim; a claim is rightly argued, but somebody is not persuaded; a claim is not rightly argued, but some- body is persuaded by such a claim (e.g. by an influential leader); and a claim is not rightly argued and somebody is not persuaded. The attitude “faith — reason/knowledge” (a religious attitude) is existential and practical. It con- sists of some components. One of them is a religious knowledge (doctrine). If a believer confesses his or her faith using the official (institutional) text — called in Latin Credo (The Creed) — then really they believe and accept a set of rational religious beliefs, which belong to the religious knowledge (doctrine). A religious faith, understood as God’s influence, is acknowledged as the basis for such an act of believing and accepting. So the religious attitude consists of a religious faith, beliefs, emotions and also free choice (decision, acceptance). The act of an acceptance does not only concern beliefs. A believer also ac- cepts moral and religious rules (principles). This is the type of morality motivated by religion. A re- ligious attitude is the rational, theoretical and practical synthesis of all these components.

20

Zastavení nad vztahem kultury, víry a konfese u vojvodovských Čechů

51%

Jakoubek M.

Slovanský přehled: historická revue pro dějiny střední, východní a jihovýchodní Evropy (Slavonic Review: Review for Central, Eastern and Southeastern European history)

|

2013

|

vol. 99

|

issue 3-4

371-384

EN

The text represents another contribution in the series of articles on Vojvodovo, the Czech village in Bulgaria, published in recent years. The author attempts to answer the question in his analysis why so many Vojvodovo Czech Protestants chose as their marriage partners inhabitants of a nearby village of Bărdarski Geran, both Banat Bulgarians (Paulicians) and Banat Swabians. In both villages religion was perhaps the most important organizational principle, religious endogamy being one of its main rules. One would expect absence of intermarriage between Vojvodovo and Bărdarski Geran for this reason; the opposite, however, was the case. The author shows that the reason why members of both communities felt a kind of mutual affinity was culture, as both groups shared many cultural traits. One of these cultural traits was deep and genuine religiosity, perhaps better expressed as belief. So, although at first sight religiosity (in the form of their creeds) would seem to prevent any closer contacts developing between the two communities, it actually is religiosity (as belief) that stands behind the surprising and unexpected number of marriages that took place between members of the two local communities.

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Kolejna glosa do rozważań wokół pojęcia wiedzy i jej stosunku do niealetycznych stanów mentalnych

Job 42:6 and Telling the Truth

Painajakogemusest raakimine internetifoorumites

Epistemo-Semantic Coherentism: An Attitudinal View of Meaning Based on Epistemic Pragmatism

Belief as a Cognitive and Practical Commitment

Can cigarette smoking make a man appear sexier and stronger to women?

Fatalizm logiczny i teologiczny a przedwiedza Boża. Krytyka argumentu antyredukcyjnego Lindy Zagzebski

"You Can't Get by Without the Dream": Belief in Julian Barnes's A History of the World in 10 ½ Chapters

Incompleteness and the meaning of mystery for scientist and theologian

Extended Cognitive System and Epistemic Subject

Hume and Kantian Teleology

Kiire ja tervislik toit – kas alati ka usaldusvaarne? Kaubanduslikud kuulujutud tanapaeva tarbimisuhiskonnas

MISCELLANEA: Écrasez l’infâme: Voltaire’s Philosophy of Religion

A Critique of Turri's Experimental Research on Selfless Assertions

God’s Divinely Justified Knowledge is Incompatible with Human Free Will

DELUSION, BELIEF, AND CONVICTION: THE QUESTION OF NORMALITY FROM THE VIEWPOINT OF PSYCHOLOGY, PHYSIOLOGY, AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

On notions of assertion, knowledge and opinion in epistemic logic

Analysis of Anxiety, Knowledge, and Beliefs Toward E-Learning During Covid-19: The Case of Science Teachers in Aceh, Indonesia

ROZUM – WIEDZA – WIARA DYNAMIKA ZNACZEŃ

Zastavení nad vztahem kultury, víry a konfese u vojvodovských Čechů