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Wizerunek bitwy pod Grunwaldem w podręcznikach szkolnych Litwy z lat 1906–2010

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Karvelis D.

Res Gestae. Czasopismo Historyczne

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2011

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vol. 11

135-146

PL

Grunwald has occupied an important place in every Lithuanian history textbook, in most of them the event is devoted a separate chapter. The author of the article states that the oldertextbooks provided no information on the significance of the battle of Grunwald for Poland. In the interwar period the battle was only a component of Vytautas’ portrayal, a symbol ofthe ruler’s military victories. Grunwald was also used to show historic differences between Poland and Lithuania. We do not come across an interpretation where the Grunwald victorywould not be considered the greatest triumph of the Lithuanian army achieved by the Prince of Lithuania Vytautas the Great – a military genius. In the Soviet period, attempts were made to use the Grunwald victory in politics, as an instrument for the creation of an everlasting friendship between Lithuania and Russia as well as for strengthening the enmity towards the Western countries, especially West Germany. Contemporary textbooks show some remains of the former stereotypes concerning the behaviour of the Polish chivalry on the battlefield. The author looks for the reason for such a state of affairs in inadequate competence of the authors, lack of critical attitude towards the material presented in the former textbooks and their negligent revision. He also shows that the advantage of the contemporary textbooks is that they are based on systematized achievements of historiography. On the cusp of the 20th and 21st centuries, the textbooks started to display the features of the scientific objectivism. Thanks to that, the students can fully realize how meaningful the battle of Grunwald was for Lithuania. The importance consisted in the increase of the authority of Vytautas the Great, reclaiming Samogitia and undermining the military power of the Teutonic Order. As a permanent aftermath of the battle the author also mentions the prevention of a perennialunion of the Prussian and Livonian branches of the Teutonic Order and the creation of firm premises for an immediate baptism of Samogitia. The students also find out that thebattle of Grunwald became an effective prevention of the Teutonic Order’s further conquest of Lithuania, destruction of the Lithuanian nation, ruining its culture and wealth. It is alsoemphasized that Lithuania and Poland became the greatest political power in Eastern Europe. A predominant problem connected with the battle of Grunwald appearing in the textbooks is the person of the Prince Vytautas the Great. The question of the diversionary flight manoeuvre became an undisputable didactic truth. The problem arousing the greatest controversy is the role of King Wladyslaw Jagiello and the Polish army. The author of the article also explores the issue of how the Lithuanian textbooks serve the development of the discourse about the historical memory.

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Uwarunkowania rozwoju tradycji grunwaldzkiej w XIX i na początku XX wieku

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Hampel J.

Res Gestae. Czasopismo Historyczne

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2011

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vol. 11

126-134

PL

On the cusp of the 19th and 20th centuries the Grunwald tradition was becoming one of the basic instruments of forming the historical awareness, especially among the plebeians, andthe feeling of unity in the period between the annexations. A number of factors that led to the revival of the Grunwald tradition which had been disrupted by the partitions appearedin the 19th century. These factors also influenced the change of the character of the Grunwald tradition, its social perception and mythologization. The process should be associated withthe current state of the “Polish affair” and “Lithuanina affair”, the course of the nationbuilding processes and the international events. The development of historical writing, political thought and literary works of Romanticism, the programmes of the Spring of Nations, cultural and national emancipation as well as the autonomic freedoms of Galicia also had an impact on the revival. The germinasational policy of the Prussian and German authorities was a significant impulse to develop a stereotype of a German resembling a Teutonic Order Knight. The Grunwald celebrations organised in 1902 and 1910 in Galicia, by their course, mass participation and ideological content revealed the extent of the changes that had taken place in the historical awareness of the Polish society in the 19th century. They also showed the role of the Grunwald tradition in the process of nationalisation of the plebeians, especially the peasants. It were the last celebrations, combined with the unveiling of the Grunwald Monument in Cracow, lasting three days and having a central character, with the participation of delegations from other partitions that reverberated not only in the Polish society.

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Bitwa pod Grunwaldem w polskich podręcznikach do historii

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Chłosta-Sikorska A.

Res Gestae. Czasopismo Historyczne

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2011

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vol. 11

147-169

PL

The picture of the battle of Grunwald presented in the Polish history textbooks, from those published during the partitions through the interwar textbooks to the post-war ones andthose used after the educational reform in 1999 was changing. Each of those periods was characterised by a particular approach to the battle as it was attempted to make use of thehistory for the needs of the current politics. That is why the events of 1409–1411, although unambiguously interpreted as a great victory, had an undercurrent depending on the plannedand expected effects of the message. Teaching as well as learning is based mainly on words, that is why textbooks play such an important role in those processes. Textbooks as information carriers reaching wide audiences are perfectly suitable for the purpose of creating the pastaccording to the needs of the current political situation. Textbooks published during the partitions focused mainly on the victories of the Polish army and on those decisions of thePolish rulers and commanders which contributed to the increase of the country’s power. The Teutonic Order was identified with Prussia – one of the powers involved in the partitions.The germanisation period contributed to associating it with the Third Reich. That is why Poles willingly cast their minds back to the glorious pictures of the past victories over the contemporary oppressor. When the longed-for freedom came the history textbooks were not altered in any major way. The positive moments in the history of our country were emphasised, this time in order to remind those who were born under the foreign ruling that they should double they effort to unite the brutally torn country. This idea was interrupted by the outburst of another world conflict. Its aftermath, namely the annexation of Polandinto the Eastern Bloc, had long-lasting consequences. The authority imposed by the Soviet Union attempted to create an anti-western and anti-imperial myth of Grunwald. The battlewas depicted as an example of a Slavic brotherhood of blood and the victory of the nations of the Soviet Union over Germany – an enemy of time immemorial identified with the TeutonicOrder. In the textbooks published after 1989 we will not find the identification of the Teutonic Order with Germany. The authors usually show the holistic European background of the battleof Grunwald pointing out that the victory had wide repercussions on the international arena and its consequences had an immense influence on the 14th-century Europe. The power ofthe Jagiellonian country increased as it took the helm of the old continent’s politics for a long time while the influence of the Teutonic Order decreased. The analysis of the Polish historytextbooks suggests that the battle of Grunwald was, and still is, an event of which Poles are proud and as such occupies special space on the textbooks’ pages.

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Film Krzyżacy Aleksandra Forda. W uścisku rozmaitych ideologii

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Skowronek B.

Res Gestae. Czasopismo Historyczne

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2011

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vol. 11

186-194

PL

The article discusses various ideological conditionings in whose clutch Ford’s film “Knights of the Teutonic Order” is located. They cause that it is impossible to perceive the film onesidedly.“Ideological conditionings,” close to the notion of “discourse,” are defined in this article in accordance with the research in cultural studies as all social sets of convictionsand imaginations of reality which create a socially defined identity, determine the way of conceptualization of the surrounding world – also the forms of the cinematic expression of this world. Ideological discourses which determined the artistic, formal and philosophical shape of “Knights of the Teutonic Order” were mainly: the original text of Henryk Sienkiewicz’s novel, his model of literature and the model of a specific philosophy of history that results from it; recipients’ expectations characteristic for common rationality with their typical receptionmodels, the accepted understanding of the film adaptation of literature, the acknowledged model of intersemiotic translation, genre features of a historical film and the set of formalways of film expression used, current policy of the Communist government in 1960 and the original strategy of Alexander Ford, the film director.

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4 Res Gestae. Czasopismo Historyczne

1 Chłosta-Sikorska A.

1 Hampel J.

1 Karvelis D.

1 Skowronek B.

4 2011

Wizerunek bitwy pod Grunwaldem w podręcznikach szkolnych Litwy z lat 1906–2010

Uwarunkowania rozwoju tradycji grunwaldzkiej w XIX i na początku XX wieku

Bitwa pod Grunwaldem w polskich podręcznikach do historii

Film Krzyżacy Aleksandra Forda. W uścisku rozmaitych ideologii