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Starożytna symbolika morza i łodzi w wypowiedziach Ojców Kościoła

100%
Wróbel R.
Vox Patrum
|
2008
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vol. 52
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issue 2
1245-1256
EN
The starting point of this article is to compare the sea and the life, which for people from the Mediterranean culture was something completely natural. Bearing in mind the numerous statements of the Fathers of the Church, we try to discover the source of such beliefs. We do this based on the three most popular marine allegories: the sea, the boat and ‘rescue board’, which stayed for good in patristic though. Because of the theme of the work we drew attention only to those elements which are obviously useful in better understanding of the patristic interpretation of the pericope about ‘Stilling of the Storm’. Special attention was given to the three groups of texts about: ‘boat of the State’, ‘boat of the soul’ and ‘boat of the world’, which could have a tangible influence on forming the thought of the Fathers of the Church associated with the symbolism of the Church boat. The way in which the Fathers of the Church use the complex symbols of Hellenist world shows theirs keen interest in current matters of the ordinary men and influence which faith rendered on their lives in the individual, as well as social dimension. The ancient symbolism inherent in the maritime assets in the context of patristic exegesis and constitutes an indelible part of theology of the original Church. The proper understanding is therefore of great importance for the correct interpretation of patristic writers’ views, particularly their views on the Church.
2
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River Transport in Mesopotamia (5900–539 BC)

75%
Hnaihen K. H.
Światowit
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2020
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vol. 59
141-151
EN
Water transport was the earliest mode of transport in ancient Mesopotamia. Thanks to the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, which run along the whole length of Mesopotamia, and a network of canals, river transport facilitated communication, exchange, as well as cultural and military contacts between towns. This paper focuses on the riverine transport in Mesopotamia and its development from the Ubaid (5900–4200 BC) to the Neo-Babylonian period (626–539 BC). The importance of river transport in Mesopotamia is discussed, considering its role as a means of communication, exchange of goods and ideas, and a factor influencing the sociopolitical transformation in the region. Watercraft is discussed to the full extent, with particular emphasis on different types of ships and their functions. The chronological development of watercraft in Mesopotamia is also analysed based on boat models, cuneiform texts, and representations of boats in the art.
3
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Wrak wczesnośredniowiecznej łodzi wydobytej z Dziwny w okolicy Srebrnego Wzgórza w Wolinie

63%
Jusza M.
Materiały Zachodniopomorskie
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2012
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vol. 9
249-268
EN
During dredging of the Dziwna Strait to the north-east of the centre of Wolin near Srebrne Wzgórze (Silver Hill) in 1990, the remains of an early medieval plank boat (wreck VI) and a few fragments of dugout canoes were discovered. A sample taken from the plating produced one dendrochronological date – 964+X-7. Most likely, the boat was built in the early 11th century. Based on the preserved remains, knowing the number of frames, the shape of stems, the width and the number of planks, the rail, and the length of the keel, the boat’s shape was recreated with the help of data obtained from other early medieval wrecks found in Wolin. The boat recreated based on wreck VI is 10.70 m long, 2.60 m wide and 1.05 m high. It has 9 frames consisting of 7 rowing benches attached to the upper parts of hull using vertical beam knee hat strengthen the construction of the boat, and some of them form rowing benches at the stern and the bow sections. In place of the outer rail on the boat’s side, four pairs of oarlocks for eight rowers were located. The clinker built hull side is made of nine planks connected longitudinally by inclined notches to the stems, fastened with iron nails. At the central frame, the mast socket is attached to the bottomstiffener. On the right side (starboard) from the stern of the boat, on the fifth plank from the keel, there is a part of the rudder mounting to the side of the boat. The mast’s standing rigging stay, backstay, running backstay and shrouds were attached to the hull by ropes. Based on wreck No. VI a replica of the boat, named ŚWIATOWIT was built in 2004. The boat was launched during the Slavs and Vikings Festival in Wolin in 2004.
4

Dwa średniowieczne wraki odkryte w 2021 roku w Gdańsku przy ul. Wałowej 35

45%
Rembisz-Lubiejewska A., Litwinienko P., Kocińska M. K., Gomulski P., Muntowski P.
Pomorania Antiqua
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2023
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vol. Tom XXXII
115–144
EN
During archaeological research carried out in 2021 at 35 Wałowa Street in Gdańsk by the CRA Baltica Sp. z o. o. team under the direction of Piotr Gomulski, in the place of the former gasworks and the remains of the Shipyard Gate, within the flow around the post-medieval fortifications, two wrecks with construction solutions characteristic of two different boatbuilding traditions were uncovered. The wreck Wałowa 35.1 constitutes the remains of a large stave boat (length approx. 15 m, width approx. 3.5 m, height approx. 0.95 m), built using the shell-first technique after 1295 in a local Pomeranian boatbuilding workshop. From the original structure of the vessel stem, T-shaped keel, seven floors, two frames, five strakes of port side plating and six strakes of starboard side plating have been preserved. The staves were connected with wooden pins and sealed with moss. The stem was connected to the keel by a diagonal lock. In the upper surface of the keel, behind the lock, there is a characteristic rectangular hole to be used for attaching the clamps holding the first staves of the shell during the construction of the vessel. In the stem, in turn, there is a hole for attaching ropes to pull the vessel ashore. Inside the structure there was a fragment of a cleat (?), while inside and next to the wreck two bark floats were found. This vessel was used for sailing on the Vistula, fishing in inland and coastal waters of the Baltic Sea. The wreck Wałowa 35.2 constitutes the remains of a small ship (approx. 16.5 m long, 4.7 m wide, 1.35 m high) built using the shell-first technique after 1250 in the vicinity of Lund (Scania). From the original ship's structure survived fragment of stem with an opening for pulling the vessel ashore, T-shaped keel, 8 transverse bonds (including one frame with a keelson cut), 11 strakes of starboard side plating and five strakes of port side planting. The overlapping staves were connected by iron rivets with pads and sealed with sheep's hair. The transverse stiffening elements were connected to the keel by pins. The damage to the hull was repaired from the inside with slats pressed with iron clamps (type C2) and a woolen cloth soaked in tar or pitch. The stem was connected to the keel by a diagonal lock. The presence of a wreck from Scania in Gdańsk, along with other few boatbuilding monuments referring to the Scandinavian tradition, is an evidence of the contacts that took place in the second half of the 13th century and in the 14th century between the inhabitants of the Vistula River mouth and southern Scandinavia. Both vessels sank in the first half of the 14th century in the former Vistula riverbed. After the great flood in 1371, the old Vistula bed was used to create a wide moat, preceded in 1573 by a system of earthen embankments. It was probably during this period that the worn and abandoned wreck Wałowa 35.1 was nailed to the bottom by waterfront construction elements. The remains of the vessels discovered at ul. Wałowa 35, as well as the wrecks once discovered in Gdańsk, Orunia, Mechelinki and the medieval port in Puck, present an increasingly interesting and fuller database of medieval vessels sailing in the waters of the Gdańsk Bay. Diversified construction solutions observed in these wrecks are a valuable contribution to research not only on local boatbuilding, but also on cultural contacts in the Baltic Sea basin.
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