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EN
Here is a coherent juxtaposition of theses concerning the functions of bonds which appeared in achievements of law and economics doctrine. Functions implemented by bonds doubtlessly indicate serious tasks provided by these financial instruments. Firstly, the importance of this security in economy circulation must be presented (economy function). Next, it is necessary to indicate, as it is rightly emphasised in the literature, a division of bonds functions into those referring only to issuers or only to bondholders. Indisputable is the fact that the emission of bonds is to bring the additional financial resources to their issuers (loan function), which can be used on issuer’s development (development function), restructuring of their activities (reconstructing function) or an economy balance retrieving and further business continuation (stability function). From the issuers’ point of view, bonds are perceived as one of the forms of free resources investment (investment function). Nonetheless, bonds can be an attractive rotation of goods, as laws incorporated in them may be carried from the actual owner to another subject (paying and circulation function). According to this, a certain level of reliability must be provided that issuers’ obligations resulting from bonds will be realised (guaranty function). In the present article, special functions of bonds were enlisted as well as common bonds modifications and the basic and side functions of bonds.
EN
This part includes an analysis of four primary options of implementation of the right resulting from the developer agreement and which the buyers of residential premises and single family houses are entitled to: 1) through the further development project by an official receiver (Art. 425e-425h), 2) through liquidation of the property that is being developed (Art. 425i-425k), 3) through continuation of the development project by a different entrepreneur (Art. 425l-425m), 4) through continuation of the development project in an agreement (Art. 425n-425s).
EN
New regulations introduced into the Polish Civil Code provide that the warranty for sales for the entrepreneur is shaped in a manner characteristic for the consumer. In this situation regulation on consumers protection apply to the physical person who performs economic activity unless the contract on sales is devoid of professional character for this person. The article considers consequences of this new regulations and highlights a few inconsistencies resulting in its application.
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