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Pomiędzy dewocją, polityką i sztuką. Symbolizm historyczny w malarstwie książkowym w kręgu dworu burgundzkiego w Niderlandach (ok. 1455-1482)

100%

Płonka-Bałus K.

In Gremium. Studia nad Historią, Kulturą i Polityką

2013

vol. 7

107-122

In the light of research concerning the history of art, the assumption on the regress of the 15th century historic idea, manifesting itself in the transformation of historiography into ‘knightly chronicles’ stands out against its power of influence in other fields of culture. Affluent historic literature, close to the poetry of chanson de geste, became the field of activity of various eminent masters of book painting, particularly active in the area of France as well as the Duchy of Burgundy – culturally and territorially close to France. The fascination with antiquity cultivated in the circles of elites of that times (particularly with the figure of Alexander the Great) was accompanied with the interest in the knight culture and the deeds by local epic heroes (Girart de Roussilon), direct predecessors or the idea antecedents of founders of the 15th century’s editions of their history, were consciously included in the process of power legitimization. Alike tapestry decorating the walls of interiors and so called dedication thumbnail, they became an important medium shaping public opinion; book-love itself was a significant form of cultural expression in the court circles. Artistic foundations had specific pragmatic aims; programmes of painting decoration of illuminated manuscripts on historic subjects visualised and helped to promote a particular vision of history as a story of heroic deeds of an individual, establishing the world order. The symbolic thinking about history is also noticed in the works being on the border of histoire universelle and bigotry literature. In particular it includes Ms. Czart. 2919 V (Gandawa, 1478) – a French translation of Vitae Christi connected with La Vengance de la mort ihesu christ nostre seigneur, which creates a story about events being both chronological and ideological succession of the Crucifixion. The fates of Judas and Pilate, rich in crime and subject to the punishing activities of the God, as well as the story of conquering and destroying of Jerusalem by the Romans, are seen as a compensation for Christ’s death, properly expressing the theological dimension of history. ‘The historic symbolism’ is based on the parallel between the sacra history and the description of human deeds composing its fulfilment – in accordance with the belief about the hidden sense of the history, known to the Creator himself. It was in the books of Vita Christi [et] La Vengeance, that the bigotry, history and politics entangled with one another with bonds of complicated relations, speaking collectively with the language of art.

Malarski i rysunkowy wystrój ksiąg Metryki Koronnej ze zbiorów Archiwum Głównego Akt Dawnych

41%

Wieczorek M.

Biuletyn Historii Sztuki

2022

vol. 84

issue 1

43-105

The set of the Crown Registrum kept at the Central Archives of Historical Records in Warsaw testifies to the registrum system operating in the Polish Crown of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Among 768 books forming the set, 31 volumes (17th – 18th c) have been identified as those featuring painterly or drawing decoration. Most commonly the decoration was placed on title pages of respective volumes, less frequently on pages opening entries for subsequent years. In single cases they are in the form of initials or ornaments within the text, or stemma compositions dedicated to respective sealers. The analysis of the collected material has allowed to divide it into three categories. The criterion for classification was the identity of the decoration authors, their bonds with the Chancellery, and skill potential. The first group encompasses the majority of decoration created on the registrum pages. The decoration was authored by lower-ranking Chancellery staff who can be provisionally termed ‘artists-chancellists’. At the same time, it was on their initiative that the books were decorated, which may have been a method of pleasing their supervisors. The discussed works reveal little artistry and the use of simple drawing techniques. Among the identified artists there are both individuals recorded in studies on Old-Polish diplomacy: Michał Meger (d. after 4 September 1652), Maciej Ładowski (ca 1640 – ca 1715), as well as individuals previously unrecorded in literature: Jan Rawecki (active in 1642–1645) or Jakub Czechowicz (active in 1659–1669). In this context the analysis of the iconographic source can be seen as a complement to the research into royal Chancellery staffing. It also reveals interesting potential for identifying print models the ‘artists-chancellists’ made reference to. A substantial dependence of the decorated pages on book prints has been noted. The identification of definite graphic patterns would provide insight into the interests and intellectual scope of the Chancellery staff. It is frontispieces of two books of Chancellor Andrzej Lipski created in ca 1620 that are classified in the second category of decorations. Their author remains anonymous, however certain analogies with the illuminations by Marcin Proszowski (d. before 1642) suggest that the decoration author was a guild painter. Meanwhile, the initiative to have the decoration executed may be attributed to Royal Secretary Jan Szałapski, an official directly supervising the registrum. He is likely to have commissioned the book decoration in order to emphasize his own importance within the structures of the Chancellery. The last category encompasses two title pages executed by professional calligraphers focusing on decorating documents and Chancellery books: Ludwik Dagobert (b. 1661, active in the 1680s and 90s) and Wojciech Domański (active in 1742–1769). Both were employees of a central office, yet it is difficult to unequivocally ascertain whether decorating books was their own initiative, or whether it was commissioned by the metricant responsible for the registrum. In the case of Domański it is likely that he served several chancelleries parallelly. It is also known that apart from royal diplomas, he also decorated bishops’ documents. As for Dagobert, the technique he applied was intriguing, since he printed his decoration from engraved and etched copper plates. It is, however, likely that he himself did not work out the matrixes he used. Regrettably, the etcher whose services he may have used has not been identified. Nonetheless, a certain affinity has been observed of Dagobert’s decoration to the oeuvre of Charles de la Haye (1641 – after 1707?) and Jerzy Eleuter Szymonowicz-Siemiginowski (ca 1660 – before 13 March 1711). The analysis of the decoration of the Crown Metrics has proven useful in the study of illuminated documents of Polish kings. Furthermore, the observations made point to the urgent need to thoroughly research into decorated Chancellery books of the Old-Polish period.

Artykuł podejmuje temat dekorowanych ksiąg należących do zespołu Metryki Koronnej ze zbiorów Archiwum Głównego Akt Dawnych w Warszawie. Zdobienia zidentyfikowano na kartach 31 woluminów powstałych w XVII i XVIII w. Analiza zgromadzonego materiału wykazała pokrewieństwa łączące dekorowane księgi regestru z iluminacjami dokumentów wydawanych przez polskich monarchów. Oprócz analogii kompozycyjnych odnotować można także udział tych samych twórców. Na kartach woluminów udało się zidentyfikować dzieła artystów opisywanych we wcześniejszej literaturze (Ludwika Dagoberta, Wojciecha Domańskiego), a także dekoratorów dotychczas nienotowanych (Jana Raweckiego, Jakuba Czechowicza). Zaobserwowano również, że większość autorów zdobień rekrutowała się z personelu kancelarii królewskiej. Dekoracje ksiąg Metryki Koronnej mogą zatem stanowić cenne źródło informacji dla badań nad składem osobowym centralnych urzędów państwa.

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1 Biuletyn Historii Sztuki

1 In Gremium. Studia nad Historią, Kulturą i Polityką

1 Płonka-Bałus K.

1 Wieczorek M.

1 2022

1 2013

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Pomiędzy dewocją, polityką i sztuką. Symbolizm historyczny w malarstwie książkowym w kręgu dworu burgundzkiego w Niderlandach (ok. 1455-1482)

Malarski i rysunkowy wystrój ksiąg Metryki Koronnej ze zbiorów Archiwum Głównego Akt Dawnych