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THE ROLE OF LAW ENFORCEMENT INSTITUTIONS IN PREVENTING AND COMBATING THE CRIME OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING

100%
Łyżwa A.
Przegląd Policyjny
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2019
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vol. 136(4)
258-272
EN
The subject of this study is the characteristics of Polish law enforcement authorities in the fi eld of preventing and combating the crime of traffi cking in human beings. The author points out that, based on existing legal regulations in Poland, the foremost burden related to prevention and prosecution activities of this type of crime lies within the scope of duties of the prosecutor’s offi ce, the Police, and the Border Guard. Thus, the article is devoted to a concise description of the indicated entities in terms of their legal instruments which make it possible to effectively implement the tasks and duties imposed by law and regulations upon the institutions. In the author’s assessment, the key role in the system is played by the prosecutor, who is the only authority sanctioned to make decisions on initiating the investigation and entrusting its conduct in its entirety or the indicated scope to other authorities, primarily the Police or the Border Guard. The prosecutor’s special role also results from the fact of being solely entitled to draw up and support an indictment in court in cases involving traffi cking in human beings. Nevertheless, according to the author, in practice, the main responsibility to carry out procedural and operational activities in this category of cases lies with the Police and Border Guard. The author points out that, at present, the Polish law enforcement system has appropriate instruments, both at the legal and institutional levels, ready for the effective prevention of and combat against crimes of human traffi cking. However, bearing in mind that the phenomenon of human traffi cking has, in principle, a cross-border dimension, the article highlights the aspect of international cooperation between the relevant institutions established to detect and prosecute these crimes.
2
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Cardiovascular risk factors among Polish employees of uniformed services

100%
Trzeciak B. G., Kowalczyk W., Grymek S., Gutknecht P., Siebert J.
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
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2023
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vol. 36
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issue 5
656-671
EN
Objectives Employees of uniformed services (EoUS) were screened for cardiovascular risk factors. Material and Methods A total of 1138 EoUS (age M±SD 49.9±6.0 years) and 263 controls (age M±SD 54.4±9.7 years) under the care of the cardiology clinic in Gdańsk, Poland, were included in the study. Medical history and blood samples were collected, and a physical examination was performed. Ten-year cardiovascular risk of death was calculated using the systematic coronary risk evaluation (SCORE) risk algorithm for high-risk countries. Results Significantly higher values of mean systolic and mean diastolic blood pressure, mean total cholesterol level and mean BMI were recorded among the EoUS compared to controls (M±SD 141.7±11.6 mm Hg vs. 135.5±11.0 mm Hg, p < 0.001; 90.1±5.9 mm Hg vs. 84.5±6.8 mm Hg, p < 0.001; 6.01±0.76 mmol vs. 5.44±0.87 mmol, p < 0.001; 29.3±4.7 vs. 29.0±4.1, p < 0.001, respectively). Smoking cigarettes was most frequently reported by the youngest group (20–39 years old) – 47.7% and it was significantly higher in the entire EoUS group compared to control group (35.5% vs. 16.7%, p = 0.001). The occurrence of observed risk factors (blood pressure ≥140/90 mm Hg, total cholesterol concentration >5 mmol, smoking,) was significantly higher among EoUS compared to controls (92.1% vs. 57.8%, p < 0.001; 89.0% vs. 66.9%, p < 0.001; 35.5% vs. 16.7%, p < 0.001, respectively). In the male group, the mean calculated ten-year risk of fatal cardiovascular events, the percentage of high calculated risk, and very high risk were higher in the EoUS group compared to controls (M±SD 4.44±3.49 vs. 4.23±3.86, p = 0.001; 23.7% vs. 20.2%, p = 0.007; 7.4% vs. 6.5%, p = 0.03, respectively). Conclusions The prevalence of all identified risk factors was found to be higher among employees of uniformed services when compared to the control group. The presence of these risk factors within the population of uniformed service employees results in a greater risk of mortality from cardiovascular diseases.
3
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Szkolenie i wykorzystanie psów służbowych w ochronie polskich granic (1945–1991)

84%
Bieniecki I.
Studia nad Bezpieczeństwem
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2016
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issue 1
113–128
PL
W artykule przedstawiono organizację procesu szkolenia, jego kontroli i wykorzystanie psów służbowych w ochronie polskich granic przez Wojska Ochrony Pogranicza w latach 1945–1991. W opracowaniu omówiono m.in. takie problemy, jak: organizacja ośrodków zajmujących się szkoleniem przewodników i psów służbowych, przebieg procesu szkolenia w ośrodkach, warunki, jakim powinni odpowiadać przewodnicy i psy przeznaczone do służby, oraz efekty uzyskiwane w służbie granicznej.
EN
This article describes the organization of the training courses for service dogs, their verification procedures and the use of the dogs in the protection of Polish borders performed by the Border Protection Troops in the years 1945–1991. The article discusses such problems as, inter alia, the organization of the training centers for guide and service dogs, the requirements that both the dog handlers and the animals themselves had to meet and the results of the dogs’ performance during their service time.
4
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Institutions and State Authorities of the Republic of Poland Involved in Cross-Border Security

84%
Wawrzusiszyn A.
Historia i Polityka
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2020
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issue 32 (39)
EN
Cross-border security is part of both external and internal security of a state; hence the responsibility for it is usually divided. Similarly, the responsibility for Polish border administration is split in both subjective and objective sense. The Constitution of the Republic of Poland in art. 146 indicates that the Council of Ministers, and in particular the Minister of National Defence, the Minister competent for Internal Affairs and the Minister competent for Public Finance shall ensure external and internal security as well as public order in the state. To a lesser extent, the responsibility for state security is also shared by other ministers supervising central administration bodies that have state border protection within their scope.In addition, very important functions directly or indirectly related to border security are carried out also by voivodes.In the current paper, the author presents individual institutions and state bodies involved in cross-border security of the Republic of Poland, demonstrating their impact on the overall level of this security.
5
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Bezpieczeństwo wschodniej granicy Polski wobec współczesnych zagrożeń transgranicznych

67%
Wawrzusiszyn A.
Nowa Polityka Wschodnia
|
2023
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issue 3(38)
197-218
RU
Современные угрозы представляют собой многоаспектную проблему, а кроме старых и хорошо известных, постоянно появляются новые, которые динамично изменяют среду безопасности. Почва этих угроз безопасности разнообразная и эволюционирует вместе с развитием международных отношений, изменением интересов государства и его позиции на международной арене. Примером этого является агрессивная, имперская политика Российской Федерации, которая способствует нестабильности в регионе и серьёзно угрожает суверенитету соседних стран. Гарантия безопасности польской границы (особенно восточной – внешней границы Европейского Союза) является серьёзной задачей и должна постоянно адаптироваться к изменяющимся угрозам, возникающим в мирное время, в ходе кризиса и во время войны. Автор характеризует современную среду безопасности Польши и сопровождающие трансграничные угрозы, представляет процесс формирования системы безопасности внешней границы ЕС вместе с текущим состоянием управления безопасностью польской государственной границы. Он также делает выводы о том, что государственная граница должна по-прежнему находиться в центре интересов органов государственной власти и указывает, что в результате сложившейся внешней угрозы государству необходимо улучшить взаимодействие служб и учреждений ответственных за безопасность государственной границы в национальном и международном измерении.
EN
Modern threats are a multidimensional problem, in addition to the old and well-known, there are constantly new, dynamically changing security environments. The grounds for security threats are diverse and evolve along with the development of international relations, changes in the interests of the state and its position on the international arena. The aggressive, imperial policy of the Russian Federation is an example of this and contributes to instability in the region and seriously threatens the sovereignty of neighboring countries. Guaranteeing the security of the Polish border (especially the eastern – external of European Union) is a serious challenge and must be constantly adapted to the changing threats occurring in times of peace, crisis, and also in times of war. The author characterizes the contemporary security environment of Poland and the accompanying cross-border threats, presents the process of shaping the EU external border security system together with the current situation of the security management of the Polish state border. It also draws conclusions that the state border must still be in the center of interest of the state authorities and indicates that as a result of the current external threat to the state, there is a need to improve the cooperation of services and institutions responsible for the security of the state border in the national and international dimension.
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