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EN
This paper assumes that two neighboring regions, that is regions sharing a common land border, namely Warmia and Mazury, and Kaliningrad FR, form the Polish- Russian borderland. It shows the evolution of the Polish-Russian border, from closed (until 1955), through selectively open (1956–1989), to the border as a platform for cooperation (since 1990). This has determined the evolution of borderland research, from research into a closed, isolated border – to a border where multi-dimensional and bottom-up, cross-border contacts are implemented. The introduction of small border traffic rules in 2012 and the following dynamic increase in border traffic, has largely contributed to creating a Polish-Russian cross-border region.
PL
W artykule przyjęto założenie, że dwa regiony sąsiadujące, czyli posiadające wspólną, lądową granicę: województwo warmińsko-mazurskie i Obwód Kaliningradzki FR tworzą polsko-rosyjskie pogranicze. Widoczna jest ewolucja polsko- rosyjskiej granicy: od zamkniętej (do 1955 r.), poprzez selektywnie otwartą (lata 1956-1989), do granicy jako płaszczyzny współpracy (od 1990 r.). Wpływa to na ewolucję badanego pogranicza: od zamkniętego, izolowanego - do pogranicza, gdzie realizowane są wielowymiarowe, oddolne kontakty transgraniczne. Natomiast wprowadzenie w 2012 r. zasad małego ruchu granicznego i związany z tym dynamiczny wzrost ruchu granicznego służą kształtowaniu polsko-rosyjskiego regionu transgranicznego.
EN
The purpose of the paper is to present the cross-border mobility of Poles in a broader context of social, economic changes and formal and political conditions. The mobility of Poles is presented on the example of border traffic on the Polish-Russian border. We compare the situation on the border with Kaliningrad oblast with other sections of the eastern border. We focus on number of crossings and the movement of passenger and heavy good vehicles based on the data of the Border Guard. The conclusions are as follows: the intensity of border traffic was conditioned by both formal and legal changes as well as the economic situation on both sides of the state border. In the period from 1990, intensive travels of Poles to the Kaliningrad oblast were carried out: (1) from the mid-1990s until Poland's accession to the European Union; (2) during the operation of local border traffic, i.e. in the years 2012-2016.
Turyzm
|
2021
|
vol. 31
|
issue 1
57-68
EN
The Augustów Canal is one of the unique tourist attractions of a Poland–Belarus borderland known for its highly valuable natural, cultural-historical and tourism-related features. From the beginning of the 21st century, following total renovation as well as the opening of both water and road versions of the Rudawka–Lesnaya border crossing (in 2005 and 2017 respectively), it has been possible to observe a many-fold increase in tourist traffic within the Augustów Canal tourist space. The present article thus helps fill a research gap with an up-to-date description of this intensification and an analysis of its dynamics in terms of the countries of origin of visiting tourists, its seasonality and choice of transport, be it by water (by boat) or by road (by bicycle or on foot). This study continues investigations into the influence of the easing of the border regime in Belarus (introduction of a visa-free zone) on the volume of tourist traffic. Factors influencing cross-border traffic on the Augustów Canal have been studied at local, regional, national and international levels (multi-scalar). Fieldwork has also been organised, using the participant-observer method, and statistical data from the Polish Border Guard has been analysed. Results confirm that the greatest use made of the Rudawka–Lesnaya crossing is by tourists from Poland and Belarus, with smaller numbers from Lithuania, Russia and Germany. Poles are the nation most often availing themselves of opportunities to cross the border by water, while Belarusians show a preference for the road crossing.
EN
The paper presents how the Polish-Czech-Slovak Solidarity Association strived in 1990–1993 for creation of free border traffic between Poland and Czechoslovakia, and after 1993 – Czech Republic and Slovakia. The association originated from a group of dissidents, who strengthened Polish-Czechoslovak relations before 1989 – the Polish-Czechoslovak Solidarity.
EN
The above article deals with the issue of cross-border crime. The article consists of two integral parts. In the first one, the author presents the basic concepts of cross-border crime as well as the role and tasks of the Border Guard in combating border crime. In the second part, based on the statistical data of the Bieszczady Border Guard Unit in the field of combating border crime, the author shows the contribution of the border formation in improving the state of internal security of the state. The above article is the beginning of a discussion on the role of border formations in combating organized crime.
PL
Powyższy artykuł omawia kwestię przestępczości transgranicznej. Artykuł składa się z dwóch integralnych części. W pierwszej Autor prezentuje podstawowe pojęcia z zakresu przestępczości transgranicznej oraz rolę i zadania Straży Granicznej w zwalczaniu przestępczości granicznej. W drugiej części, na podstawie danych statystycznych Bieszczadzkiego Oddziału Straży Granicznej w zakresie zwalczania przestępczości granicznej. Autor pokazuje wkład formacji granicznej w podniesienie stanu bezpieczeństwa wewnętrznego państwa. Powyższy artykuł stanowi zaczątek do dyskusji nad rolą formacji granicznych w zwalczaniu przestępczości zorganizowanej.
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