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1

The Influence of Broadband Regulation in EU on the Development of the Regulated Technology

100%
Mihevc A.
Organizacija
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2011
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vol. 44
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issue 4
128-136
EN
The aim of the article is to answer the question if the level of intensity of "ex ante" regulation (also "regulation") imposed by NRA (national regulatory Authority or regulators) influence on the development of incumbent DSL technology against other Access technologies. There are several approaches which support the basic idea of regulation, that "ex ante" regulation promotes the competition. The approaches must be also based on the size of the market. In the internet world there are different access technologies. Open Access is crucial for the development of competition. Regulators have to ensure, that also new entrants can reach end users through the facilities of the incumbent operator. Based on the approach of three criteria, European Commission defines two wholesale relevant access markets both based on DSL technology ("bitstream" access and unbundled local loop) susceptible to sector specific "ex ante" regulation. In the last stage also optical access is included on the relevant markets. Other technologies are still not equivalent to incumbent DSL technology according to the opinion of the commission. The intensity of regulation influences on the competition conditions. It influences on the level where and at which point of the investment ladder entrants will enter the market through wholesale inputs or through building its own infrastructure.
2
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Changing Paradigms in Network Neutrality and its Effects on Public Sector Broadcasting Online Services: Germany's Case

100%
Krone J., Pellegrini T.
Issues of Business and Law
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2011
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vol. 3
73-84
EN
Network neutrality has accelerated the wide spreading and adaptation of the Internet as a mass medium giving rise to the diversity which characterizes the Internet today. The expansion of existing networks in the course of development of next-generation broadband technologies has initiated a discussion beginning in 2005 and originating in the U.S., which challenges network neutrality as a universal interconnectivity paradigm for IP-based networks. This, in turn, challenges the existing provision strategies of data-intensive multimedia services thus raising interrelated and pertinent regulatory questions. This article focuses on four areas of interest: the interplay of telecommunications and media regulation, commodification and public value orientation, freedom of access and power of disposal over proprietary services and network neutrality and potential for diversification in the telecommunications sector. It provides an economic analysis of changing paradigms in network neutrality and illustrates how these developments might affect regulatory issues for the provision of online content in the public sector broadcasting with a particular focus on Germany's market.
3
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Security aspects of strategic co-operation of Ukraine and EU with regard to network and information systems

58%
Olijnyk D., Ilyash O., Konizhai Y.
Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Gospodarki w Bydgoszczy. Seria Ekonomia
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2019
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vol. 10
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issue 34
89-106
PL
Na podstawie analizy ram regulacyjnych UE dotyczących bezpieczeństwa sieci i systemów informatycznych autorzy podzielają opinię, że geopolityczne i ekonomiczne czynniki rozwoju Ukrainy mogą ubiegać się o włączenie do globalnej infrastruktury informacyjnej, mającej na celu połączenie wszystkich telekomunikacyjnych i komputerowych sieci w skali globalnej i coraz częściej pojawia się ten postulat w celu rozwiązania takich problemów, jak bezpieczeństwo, prywatność, zgodność sprzętu i oprogramowania, zarządzanie prawami cyfrowymi. Europejski wektor integracji Ukrainy został wybrany w celu tworzenia sieci cyfrowych nowej generacji. Wymaga to jednak nie tylko ogłoszenia tych priorytetowych kierunków, ale także woli politycznej władz i wyboru mechanizmu interakcji między władzami publicznymi a instytucjami społeczeństwa obywatelskiego przy zaangażowaniu strategicznych partnerów Ukrainy. Rozwój zrównoważonej interakcji z globalną infrastrukturą cyfrową, strategiczne programowanie rozwoju ochrony zasobów cyfrowych i przetwarzania danych, w tym infrastruktury energetycznej i telekomunikacyjnej, tworzenie i wdrażanie makropoleceń – stanowią gwarancję bezpieczeństwa informacyjnego Ukrainy.
EN
On the basis of an analysis of the EU regulatory framework on network and information systems security, the authors share the opinion that the geopolitical and economic factors of development, Ukraine may apply for inclusion in the global information infrastructure intended to connect all telecommunication and computer networks in globally, and is emerging to address complex issues such as security, privacy, hardware and software compatibility, identity management, digital rights management, and more. It is a European vector of integration of Ukraine for the creation of next-generation digital networks. However, it requires not only the proclamation of these directions as a priority but also the political will of the authorities and the establishment of a mechanism of interaction between public authorities and civil society institutions with the involvement of Ukraine’s strategic partners. The development of balanced interaction with the global digital infrastructure, strategic programming of digital preservation development and data processing, including energy and telecommunications infrastructure, creation and implementation of macro models inclusive development of Ukraine as a guarantee of information security.
4
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2008 and 2009 EU Competition Law and Sector-specific Regulatory Case Law Developments with a Nexus to Poland

37%
Kośka D., Kuik K.
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies
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2010
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vol. 3(3)
179-211
EN
The 2008 issue of YARS contained an overview of EU law developments in the period of time from 2004 to 2007. This overview covers the years 2008-2009. It confirms that State aid cases remained numerous (6 in total) and that the Commission’s enforcement activities in the area of State aid control continued at a similar pace as before. With respect to other areas of competition law and policy, the overall picture shows a relatively high level of scrutiny in mergers (5) and antitrust cases or inquiries (2). Moreover, EU Courts adopted several decisions in Polish cases, notably in the regulatory field (electronic communications) and State aid control (partial annulment in Huta Częstochowa (Operator) as well as the rejection of a request for interim measures in Technologie Buczek). The regulatory court cases show the Commission’s consistency in pursuing Member States in their failure to implement or to correctly implement the EU Electronic Communications package. In the state aid related Huta Częstochowa (Operator) judgement, the General Court (GC, formerly the Court of First Instance, CFI) partially annulled the scrutinised Commission decision since the Commission failed to identify the actual benefit related to the receipt of the aid in question. The jury is still out in the case concerning Technologie Buczek because the interim measures judgement says little about the potential outcome of the pending main appeals.
FR
Le YARS de 2008 contenait un aperçu des développements du droit de l'UE pendant la période de 2004 à 2007, alors que celui-ci couvre les années 2008-2009. Il confirme que les cas d'aides d'État sont restés nombreux (6 au total) et que la mise en œuvre du contrôle des aides d'État par la Commission a continué au même rythme. En ce qui concerne les autres secteurs du droit de la concurrence et de la politique de concurrence, le nombre de contrôles des concentrations et des cas ou des enquêtes antitrust est relativement élevé (2). En outre, les cours de l'UE ont rendu plusieurs arrêts dans des cas polonais, notamment dans le domaine réglementaire (communications électroniques) et du contrôle d'aides d'État (l'annulation partielle dans Huta Częstochowa (opérateur) ainsi que le rejet d'une demande de mesures provisoires dans Technologie Buczek). Les arrêts dans le domaine réglementaire montrent la cohérence de la Commission dans les actions contre les États membres qui ont manqué à leur obligation de mettre en oeuvre, ou de mettre en œuvre correctement, le Paquet Télécom de l'UE. Dans l'arrêt Huta Częstochowa (opérateur) concernant les aides d'État, le Tribunal (précédemment le Tribunal de Première Instance, TPI) a partiellement annulé la décision de la Commission puisque la Commission n'a pas réussi à identifier l'avantage réel de la réception de l'aide en question. Le jury est toujours en train de délibérer dans le cas concernant Technologie Buczek parce que l'arrêt sur les mesures provisoires dit peu sur les résultats potentiels des appels principaux en cours.
5
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2010 and 2011 EU Competition Law and Sector-specific Regulatory Jurisprudence and Case Law Developments with a Nexus to Poland

37%
Mościbroda A., Kuik K.
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies
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2012
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vol. 5(7)
157-190
EN
This third overview of EU competition and sector-specific regulatory jurisprudential and case law developments with a nexus to Poland covers the years 2010 and 2011. This period of time is worth noting for several reasons. First, EU courts delivered a significant number of judgments in ‘Polish’ cases including an increased number of preliminary rulings. Second, 2010-2011 developments were dominated by judgments and decisions concerning telecoms. Finally, the Commission adopted only a handful of Polish State aid decisions following a formal investigation procedure under Article 108(2) TFEU. The main developments in telecoms relate to the Court of Justice's preliminary reference judgment in Tele 2 Polska focusing on the interpretation of Regulation 1/2003 and the PTC v UKE ruling that dealt with number portability charges. Relevant is also the antitrust prohibition decision issued by the Commission against Telekomunikacja Polska S.A. for its refusal to grant access to its wholesale broadband services. In other fields, the Court of Justice delivered three State aid judgments (including two appeals against pre-2010 judgments of the General Court) and two judgments in infringement proceedings (regarding pre EU Accession marketing authorisations for medicines and the reutilisation of data from the public sector). The General Court ruled on appeal in the butadiene rubber cartel case (e.g. in Trade-Stomil v Commission). Finally, the Commission dealt with a merger case with a truly Polish specificity (Kraft Foods/ Cadbury), approved subject to divestiture of the E. Wedel brand.
FR
Ce troisième aperçu portant sur les développements de la réglementation relative au droit de la concurrence de l’UE et droit séctoriel, ainsi qu’à la jurisprudence ayant un lien imporatnt avec la Pologne, couvre les années 2010 et 2011. Cette période vaut l’intérêt pour plusieurs raisons. Premièrement, les tribunaux de l'UE ont délivré un nombre important d'arrêts dans les cas « polonais » dont un nombre croissant de questions préjudicielles. Deuxièmement, les développements en 2010-2011 ont été dominés par les jugements et décisions concernant les télécommunications (télécoms). Enfin, la Commission n’a adopté qu’un petit nombre de décisions sur les aides de l’État polonais à la suite d'une procédure formelle d'examen conformément à l'article 108 (2) du TFUE. Les développements principaux dans les télécoms se rapportent au renvoi préjudiciel de la Cour de justice dans le cas Tele 2 Polska portant sur l'interprétation du règlement 1/2003 et celui relatif au cas UKE v PTC sur les frais de portabilité des numéros. La décision concernant une infraction en application adoptée par la Commission contre Telekomunikacja Polska SA pour son refus d'accorder l'accès à ses services de gros de la large bande est également pertinente. Dans les autres domaines, la CJCE a rendu trois arrêts sur les aides d'État (deux recours contre les arrêts rendus par le Tribunal de première instance avant 2010) et deux arrêts dans une procédure d'infraction (en ce qui concerne les autorisations de marketing pour la médecine préalables à l'adhésion à l’UE et la réutilisation des données du secteur public). Le Tribunal de première instance a statué sur le recours dans le cas de cartel caoutchouc butadiène (par exemple le cas Trade-Stomil v Commission). Enfin, la Commission a traité un cas de fusion avec une spécificité typiquement polonaise (Kraft Foods / Cadbury), approuvé assujetti à la cession de la marque E. Wedel.
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