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Podwójny problem agencji na przykładzie odpowiedzialności zawodowej pośrednika w obrocie nieruchomościami w Polsce

100%
Mulawa K. T.
Ekonomia XXI Wieku
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2014
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issue 1(1)
42-57
EN
The aim of this paper is to present regulations related to professional liability of a real estate agent, and an indication of the effectiveness of information issues. First of all, economic theory of agency will be used as a tool to characterize the relationship between the parties of a transaction. Next liability will be discussed, i.e. the agency contracts and agent’s professional liability − distinguished from civil and criminal liability. The theory of agency exists as a research tool in the new institutional economics. Its assumptions can be summarized as follows: The agent as a subject is acting on behalf of the principal who, in terms of the indicated target, according to his own preferences and possibilities performs actions leading in his opinion to the desired result by the principal. The relationship may form problems of information asymmetry, because the agent does not have to reveal his knowledge and capabilities, so the principal is not able to affect the method of implementation of an order. The identification of professional liability of a real estate agent comes directly from the set of his contract. Basic regulations defining agency agreements and identifications of professional liability arose during the political changes in Poland. Patterns come from different countries and different legal systems. Polish business practice used them in accordance with its capabilities. The observed patterns of work of agents’ representatives lead to the conclusion that they may lead to strengthening the presence of information asymmetry problems in the form of adverse selection or moral hazard. As a result, they can lower the information efficiency. A real estate agent can provide mediation activity by acting on the basis of multiple sources of contractual provisions. These include a contract of employment, contract work, self-employment or running a company. Regardless of the basis for their relationship with an employing person an additional (and primary) source of responsibility are agency agreements. Two types of contracts (open and with an exclusivity clause) impose different qualitative responsibilities on a agent. Regardless of the form of the activity they are associated with high risks connected with the provision of services on asset markets with high specificity and uniqueness of the transaction. Therefore, from an economic point of view attempts trying to reduce the occupational risk and market risk should be regarded as reasonable.
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Women’s Social Capital in Academia: A Personal Network Analysis

88%
Barthauer L., Spurk D., Kauffeld S.
International Review of Social Research
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2016
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vol. 6
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issue 4
195-205
EN
Developmental networks are ego-centered networks, and were found to be beneficial for career success and advancement. Especially in academia, the benefits of developmental networks are critical due to limitations in career stability, and its up-or-out character. Overall, they facilitate career success and advancement by providing access to social capital, which is more or less attainable depending on certain structural network characteristics. Diverging access to social capital for women and men is well known, however, little is known about developmental networks of female and male academic staff. Therefore, this study investigated cohesion and brokerage as indicators for access to social capital to explore gender differences. The sample consisted of n = 594 ego-networks of PhDs and postdocs, working at German universities and research institutes. Cohesion was measured by density and degree; brokerage by effectiveness and constraint. Results revealed that based on Coleman’s cohesion theory (1988, 1990), female researchers showed less access to social capital through less dense networks, but bigger ones implying more social capital. Moreover, based on Burt’s brokerage theory (1992, 2005), female researchers showed, against our assumptions, more brokerage social capital by showing greater effectiveness, and less constraint. Results provide insight into men’s and women’s access to social capital.
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Czasopiśmiennictwo rosyjskie przełomu XVIII i XIX wieku w perspektywie interdyscyplinarnej (ze studiów nad triadą problemową: „produkcja – pośrednictwo – konsumpcja”)

63%
Dąbrowska M.
Roczniki Kulturoznawcze
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2014
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vol. 5
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issue 2
85-99
PL
Artykuł stanowi próbę przeniesienia metodologii badań nad książką Kazimierza Piekarskiego i Karola Głombiowskiego oraz badań literaturoznawczych Pauliny Buchwald-Pelcowej na grunt badań nad czasopismami literackimi. Przedmiotem rozważań stają się wybrane zagadnienia z dziejów drukarstwa (działalność Nikołaja Nowikowa, związana m.in. z drukarnią Uniwersytetu Moskiewskiego), księgarstwa (działalność Karla Wilhelma Millera) oraz czytelnictwa (prenu¬merata) w Rosji czasów Oświecenia. Za motto do artykułu posłużyły słowa Kazimierza Dobro¬wolskiego o „krzyżowaniu się” różnych nauk. Artykuł składa się z pięciu części: 1. Wstęp, 2. Etap pierwszy: produkcja (czasopisma Nikołaja Karamzina), 3. Etap drugi: pośrednictwo („Trudolubiwyj murawiej” – „Kabinet Aspazii”), 4. Etap trzeci: konsumpcja („Moskowskij żurnał” – „Moskowskij Merkurij” – „Sewiernyj Merkurij”), 5. Zakończenie.
XX
The article is an attempt to transfer the methodology of research of the book by Kazimierz Piekarski and Karol Głombiowski, and the literary research of Paulina Buchwald-Pelcowa to the ground of the research of literary magazines. The subject of analysis become the selected issues from the history of printing (the activity of Nikolai Novikov connected among others with the printing house of Moscow University), book trade (the activity of Karl Wilhelm Miller), and reading (subscription) in Russia in the Enlightenment age. As the motto to the article, the words by Kazimierz Dobrowolski on “crossing” of various sciences were used. The article consists of five parts: 1. Preface, 2. First phase: production (Nikolay Karamzin’s periodicals), 3. Second phase: brokerage (Trudolubivyi muravei—Kabinet Aspazyi) 4. Third phase: consumption (Mos¬kovskiy zhurnal—Moskovskiy Merkuriy—Severniy Merkuriy), 5. Conclusion.
4
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Prowadzenie działalności maklerskiej na podstawie licencji bankowej. Jednolita licencja bankowa: geneza i założenia

63%
Bryl K.
internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny
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2014
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vol. 3
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issue 5
54-64
PL
Przedmiotem publikacji jest projekt ustawy o zmianie ustawy o obrocie instrumentami finansowymi oraz niektórych innych ustaw, którego celem jest umożliwienie prowadzenia działalności maklerskiej na podstawie licencji bankowej, tzw. jednolitej licencji bankowej, obejmującej zarówno czynności bankowe, jak i działalność maklerską
EN
The subject of this publication is an Amendment Act to the Act on Trading in Financial Instruments and Certain Other Acts, the purpose of which is to enable brokerage activities on the basis of the so-called single banking license covering both banking operations and brokerage activities
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Nadzór nad spółdzielczymi kasami oszczędnościowo-kredytowymi a nadzór nad innymi instytucjami finansowymi w Polsce.

51%
Pelc P.
Pieniądze i Więź
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2013
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vol. 16
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issue 4(61)
126-140
PL
Celem referatu jest porównanie instrumentów nadzorczych przysługujących Komisji Nadzoru Finansowego w stosunku do spółdzielczych kas oszczędnościowo-kredytowych i w stosunku do innych instytucji finansowych w Polsce, a w szczególności do banków, w tym banków spółdzielczych, zakładów ubezpieczeń, funduszy inwestycyjnych i emerytalnych oraz towarzystw zarządzających nimi, firm inwestycyjnych, instytucji pieniądza elektronicznego i instytucji płatniczych oraz ocena czy zastosowane rozwiązania nadzorcze są adekwatne do specyfiki działalności spółdzielczych kas oszczędnościowo-kredytowych. Przedmiotem analizy jest zakres ochrony interesów klientów (członków kas) w porównaniu z klientami innych instytucji finansowych nadzorowanych przez KNF oraz zakres ograniczenia swobody działalności kas w porównaniu z innymi instytucjami finansowymi wynikających z regulacji nadzorczych i dopuszczalnej ingerencji KNF, a także jakość samej regulacji prawnej. W wyniku tej analizy w referacie zawarty jest szereg postulatów de lege ferenda.
EN
The goal of this article is comparison of supervisory tools used by Polish Financial Supervisory Authority in relations with credit unions and other financial institutions in Poland, especially – banks, including cooperative banks, insurance institutions, investment funds and pension funds as well as their managers, investment firms, electronic money institutions and payment institutions, as well as the evaluation if the implemented supervisory tools are adequate to the specific activity of credit unions. The subject of analysis is the scope of protection of interests of members of credit unions in comparison with customers of others financial institutions supervised by PFSA, as well as level of limitations of the freedom of credit unions’ activity in comparison with other financial institutions based on supervisory regulations and accepted influence of PFSA, as well as the quality of regulation itself. Based on that analysis, various improvements of the regulations related to credit unions in Poland were proposed.
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