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Experimenty na lidech?

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EN
This article is concerned with the questions surrounding the admissibility of socio psychological experiments which were raised in a discussion at the 44th international film festival AFO (Akademia film Olomouc) in April of this year. It describes several important documentary films, and the phenomena which they explored, including undue or inappropriate obedience to authorities, the growth of brutality in prison conditions and the so-called “bystander effect” (apathy in situations where one should intervene). A distinction is made between useful findings about cognition and their ethical acceptability. The author reminds us of Dilthey’s distinction between two models of interpretation: “understanding” (Verstehen) and “clarification” (Erklären). While the second of these is suitable for the investigation of mass phenomena, only understanding is of use in humanistic psychology. With regard to the question of the ethical acceptability of experiments, the article recognises boundaries which are, in principle, sacrosanct and it attempts to show why negative moral phenomena are not testable. It argues that an experiment does not occur beyond the boundaries of the real world, and thus the creation of the conditions of research into non-ethical phenomena means the purposeful creation of a space for evil.
EN
Violence Hates Games? Revolting (against) Violence  in Michael Haneke’s Funny Games U.S. Abstract: This article aims at exploring Haneke’s Funny Games U.S. as a protest against violence employed in the mainstream cinema. Satisfying compensatory needs of the spectators, constructing their identities, and even contributing to the biopolitics of neoliberalism, proliferating bloodthirsty fantasies put scholars in a suspicious position of treating them as either purely aesthetical phenomena or exclusively ethical ones. Haneke’s film seems to resist such a clear-cut binary; what is more, it contributes immensely to the criticism of mainstream cinematic violence. Misleading with its initial setting of a conventional thriller, Haneke employs absurd brutality in order to overload violence itself. The scenes of ruthless tortures are entangled in the ongoing masquerade, during which swapping roles, theatrical gestures, and temporary identities destabilize seemingly fixed positions of perpetrators and their victims, and tamper with the motives behind the carnage. As I would argue, by confronting its spectators with unbearable cruelty devoid of closing catharsis, Funny Games deconstructs their bloodthirsty desire of retaliation and unmasks them as the very reason for the violence on screen. Following, among others, Jean-Luc Nancy and Henry A. Giroux, I would like to demonstrate how Haneke exhausts the norm of acceptable violence to reinstate such a limit anew.
EN
The article presents and analyzes the main problems of the Afghan National Police. These include poor management, poor training and equipping, militarized character, limited loyalty of the officers, abusing of violence and breaking the law, corruption and problems with financing, inequality, discrimination, and others. The author has made the essential assessments and pointed directions of necessary changes. The main thesis of the article is that due to the above problems the Afghan police are not able to properly fulfill its tasks, mainly those which are strictly to the police. The basic research method used during researches is the method of analysing the source text.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono i przeanalizowano główne problemy występujące w Afgańskiej Policji Państwowej. Wśród nich należy wymienić złe zarządzanie, słabe wyszkolenie i wyekwipowanie, zmilitaryzowany charakter, ograniczoną lojalność funkcjonariuszy, nadużywanie przez nich przemocy i łamanie prawa, korupcję i problemy w finansowaniu, nierówności, dyskryminację i inne. W artykule dokonano niezbędnych ocen i wskazano kierunki koniecznych zmian. Główną tezą artykułu jest stwierdzenie, że ze względu na powyższe problemy afgańska policja nie jest w stanie prawidłowo wykonywać powierzonych jej zadań, głównie tych o charakterze stricte policyjnym. Podstawową metodą badawczą wykorzystaną podczas pisania artykułu jest analiza źródeł tekstowych.
PL
Artykuł poświęcony jest wizjom Orientu w trzech wybranych utworach Paula Scheerbarta: „Śmierć Barmakidów. Arabska powieść haremowa” (1897), „Tarub. Sławna kucharka z Bagdadu. Arabska powieść kulturowa” (1897) oraz „Żarty o władzy. Nowele arabskie” (1904). Ponieważ autor nigdy nie odwiedził Bliskiego Wschodu, odwoływał się w swoich utworach do tekstów źródłowych, które dowolnie przekształcał. Namiętność, tęsknota za wyższymi wartościami, brutalność, żądza zemsty oraz walka o władzę, która kończy się rzezią, przeplatają się z baśniowymi sceneriami i legendarnymi istotami, aby odwieść odbiorcę od myśli, że Bagdad równie dobrze mógłby być Berlinem, rok 897 – rokiem 1897, a problemy Aschy – problemami samego Scheerbarta.
DE
Der Beitrag ist Paul Scheerbarts Orientdarstellungen in drei ausgewählten Werken gewidmet: "Der Tod der Barmekiden. Arabischer Haremsroman" (1897), "Tarub. Bagdads berühmte Köchin. Arabischer Kulturroman" (1897) und "Machtspässe. Arabische Novellen" (1904). Weil der Autor den Nahen Osten nie besucht hat, stützte er sich bei seinen Beschreibungen auf mehrere Quellen, die er dann beliebig umgestaltet hat. Leidenschaft, Sehnsucht nach höheren Werten, Brutalität, Rachsucht und Kämpfe um die Macht, die mit Blutbädern enden, verflechten sich mit märchenhaften Szenerien und sagenhaften Wesen, um den Rezipienten von dem Gedanken abzulenken, dass das alte Bagdad für Berlin, das Jahr 897 für 1897 und Aschas Probleme für jene von Scheerbart stehen könnten. Dichter-, Welt- und Rebellenmacht – in diesen drei Worten drückt sich das Wesen des Scheerbartschen Orients aus.
EN
'The article was dedicated to presentations of the Orient in three selected works by Paul Scheerbart: 'The death of the Barmakids. Arab Harem novel' (1897), 'Tarub. Baghdad's famous female cook. Arab culture novel' (1897) and 'Jests about power. Arab novellas' (1904). As the author has never visited the Middle East, he draws from several sources, which he then transforms as he wishes. Passion, longing for higher values, brutality, revenge and fighting for the power ending with bloodbaths intertwine with the fairytale sceneries and legendary beings, to distract the recipient from the thought that the old Baghdad is Berlin, the year 897 – 1897 and Ascha’s problems could be the problems of Scheerbart. Power of poets, world and rebels – the essence of Scheerbart’s Orient is expressed in these words.
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