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Herod Wielki – władca różnie postrzegany. Tradycja chrześcijańska a historia

100%
Wajda A. M.
Facta Ficta. Journal of Theory, Narrative & Media
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2021
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vol. 8
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issue 2
261-279
EN
The purpose of this paper is to try to show the factors that influence the complexity of perception of the figure of Herod the Great (73-4 B.C.), king of the small Jewish state Judaea in the last three decades before the common era, in Christian tradition and history. The issue will be presented based on biblical sources, works of ancient writers and literature. The basic biblical source will be the exegesis of the pericope about the slaughter of Bethlehem boys up to two years old ordered by Herod the Great, contained in the Gospel according to Matthew (Mat: 2, 16-18). In turn, the fundamental historical information about the reign of this king is provided by Josephus Flavius, a Jewish historian from the first century. The most important ancient source for the rule of Herod written by Flavius Josephus is the Jewish War and the Jewish Antiquities. Both books are based on the history of Nicolaus of Damascus, king Herod's personal secretary. It is very important to verify a great deal of information about Herod the Great. Historians have re-assessed long-held negative opinion about this king and now credit his reign as having had at least some positive effects on Jews and Judaism in his kingdom. They will also be presented in this chapter.
2
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Wizerunek Boga jako budowniczego w narracji starotestamentalnej

61%
Obidowicz A. J.
Ruch Biblijny i Liturgiczny
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2015
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vol. 68
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issue 1
EN
Literal meaning of many fragments of Hebrew Bible represents a function of God as the builder, expressed by active participle בנה bōne(h). The paper deals with God’s acting concerning creation of the world as well as his direct and indirect activity as the investor, the designer and the builder of some buildings; mainly Jewish sanctuaries. That biblical representation of God’s acting is closely connected with cosmogony and theology of ancient Hebrews. The paper does not deal with allegoric or symbolic meaning of the biblical fragments analysing here. As the result of the analysis there is draw out the conclusion that the function of God as a builder displays an important aspect of his biblical figure.
PL
Wiele fragmentów Biblii Hebrajskiej przypisuje Bogu literalnie funkcję budowniczego, określanego przy pomocy imiesłowu czynnego בנה bōne(h). Niniejsze opracowanie podejmuje problematykę stworzenia świata, a także bezpośredniej oraz pośredniej działalności Boga jako inwestora, projektanta i budowniczego obiektów budowlanych – w szczególności sanktuariów Izraela. Biblijne przedstawienie tych Bożych działań pozostaje w ścisłym związku z kosmogonią oraz teologią starożytnych Hebrajczyków. Nie omówiono sensu alegorycznego i symbolicznego analizowanych fragmentów biblijnych. W wyniku podjętej analizy wyprowadzono konkluzję, iż funkcja Boga jako budowniczego stanowi ważny element Jego biblijnego wizerunku.
3
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Dokumenty Biura Odbudowy Stolicy jako podstawowe źródło wiedzy na temat architektury, konstrukcji i wyposażenia niezachowanych kamienic warszawskich projektu Henryka Stifelmana i Stanisława Weissa oraz Wacława Heppena i Józefa Napoleona Czerwińskiego

44%
Kilanowski P.
Ochrona Zabytków
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2015
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issue 1
195-211
EN
As a result of the destructions in the period 1939-1945, as well as dismantlements, modifications and reconstructions in the following years, little of the Warsaw tenement buildings from early 20th century has survived until the present. Moreover, the tenements which have survived have been subject to significant modifications. Another serious difficulty in the research and examination of Warsaw architecture from the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries are the limitations in the scope of both quality and availability of original design files, as well as illustrative materials from the period before 1939. In this context, the files from the Capital City Reconstruction Office are the only source of information on certain non-existing tenement houses. An important role in creating Warsaw tenement architecture at the beginning of the 20th century was played primarily by young architects, graduates of foreign technical schools of higher education, prepared excellently for changes in the profession as well as in the investment process. The most renowned architects from the point of view of the number and sizes of erected tenement houses, the quality of their architecture, as well as the number of modern construction and technical solutions employed were Henryk Stifelman (working together with Stanisław Weiss), as well as Wacław Heppen (working together with Józef Napoleon Czerwiński). In spite of employing modern technical solutions, some of the tenement houses erected by the two partnerships were destroyed in the years 1939-1945 and other were modified significantly in the following years. In many cases, the architecture and technical solutions of either non-existing or substantially modified tenement houses designed by the partnerships of Stifelman-Weiss and Heppen-Czerwiński had not been properly documented before 1939. An important and, in many cases, the only source of knowledge about non-existing tenement houses are documents collected in the Archives of the Capital City Reconstruction Office, as well as in the Archives Department of the Administrative Bureau of the Municipal Office of the Capital City of Warsaw. The documents collected in the files of the Capital City Reconstruction Office consist of the general part, containing maps, diagrams and basic information on the state of preservation of individual buildings, as well as the detailed one, in many cases containing the measurements of the preserved structure, correspondence, letters, photographs, cost estimates, orders and other, more detailed information. In many cases, the detailed part makes it possible to learn about the architecture of the tenement houses, their supporting structure, certain systems used in the interior, sizes and shapes of individual building elements, like, among others, cornices, bays, balconies, walls or openings, as well as determining formal reasons for dismantling or modification. In consideration of the total destruction of the original design documentation, lack of detailed examination of the buildings from the early 20th century before 1939, as well as a limited number and scope of the available illustrative material, the documentation forming the archives of the Capital City Reconstruction Office is, in many cases, considered to be a fundamental or the most important source of information about the unpreserved Warsaw tenement houses, including the tenement houses designed by the architectural and building partnerships of Henryk Stifelman with Stanisław Weiss and of Wacław Heppen with Józef Napoleon Czerwiński.
4
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Przywódca-budowniczy sanktuarium Izraela według narracji starotestamentalnej

44%
Obidowicz A. J.
Ruch Biblijny i Liturgiczny
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2011
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vol. 64
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issue 1
EN
Many books of the Old Testament deal with the theme of human building activity. Among Old Testament narratives it is possible to distinguish the special ones which present a special kind of activity undertaken as a result of divine inspiration addressed to the leader of the Israel community. This way the leader becomes the leader-builder of Israel’s sanctuary (Herod the Great is omitted here because he is not mentioned in the text of the Old Testament). One can specify a few special attributes of the leader-builder of the sanctuary: the obedience and the trust in God, the piety, the prudence, the solicitude, the authority and the courage. The essential goal of the analysis in this paper is to expose those attributes.
PL
Wiele ksiąg Starego Testamentu podejmuje tematykę ludzkiej działalności budowlanej. Wśród narracji starotestamentalnych daje się wyróżnić takie, które przedstawiają szczególny rodzaj tej działalności, podjętej w wyniku Bożej inspiracji adresowanej do przywódcy wspólnoty Izraela. W ten sposób ten przywódca staje się przywódcą-budowniczym sanktuarium Izraela (pominięto Heroda Wielkiego, jako że nie wymienia go tekst Starego Testamentu). Można wyróżnić kilka szczególnych przymiotów przywódcy-budowniczego sanktuarium Izraela: posłuszeństwo oraz zawierzenie Bogu, pobożność, roztropność, solidność, autorytet oraz męstwo. Wyeksponowanie owych przymiotów stanowi zasadniczy cel artykułu.
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