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EN
Over the last few years, a change has been noticed in the approach to shaping legal regulations in the economic field, and this has become the motive for a new approach to self-regulation. The change consists in the fact that the legislator mainly defines the purpose of a regulation, the regulatory framework, and the sanctions. However, it does not contain specific provisions indicating how an economic entity should fulfill the purpose of a given regulation. Thus, it leaves the broad sphere undefined. The legislator indicates what is expected, what the sanction for non-compliance will be, but it does not indicate exactly how business owners should achieve this compliance. The aim of the article is to describe a new trend of self-regulation, from the perspective of the role that industry organizations can play. Three examples of new acts in the field of commercial law are analyzed, which are characterized by a lack of clarity and are part of the case-law framework. Two initiatives of an industry organization which clarify unclear legal provisions are pointed out. The analyses make it possible to state that the industry organizations are able to take responsibility for interpretations of imprecise regulations in the field of commercial law. The organizations are also able to set standards of conduct and develop industry self-regulation so that they are respected by the industry and the legislator as a response to the new model of shaping the law.
EN
From the perspective of new institutionalism, this article studies the rules of doing business in Poland in the context of the country’s accession to the European Union. The article’s starting point is the premise that interaction between formal and informal institutions leads to an institutional balance or imbalance and determines the final shape of the economy and its effectiveness. Accordingly, the authors analyze four types of relations occurring between the formal and informal rules of doing business in Poland: (1) the influence of the restrictiveness of regulations on informal relations between the public administration and business; (2) the relation between the low effectiveness of the law in regards to running a business and informal adaptive reactions; (3) the effects of EU law on business strategies; (4) the effects of the global economy on the extent and forms of cooperation between the public administration and business. Analysis of empirical material provides a basis for constructing four institutional models of the rules of doing business in Poland: the ‚antagonistic’ model, in which the administration and business are striving for mutually exclusive goals; the ‚parallel’ model, where formal and informal institutions create separate orders; the ‚alternative’ model, in which formal, new, EU solutions are created; and the ‚integrated’ model, where actors are encouraged to realize common aims.
EN
The concept of government reform legislation as regards the codification of commercial law private and public sectors in Poland. The article presents an innovative concept of reform of activities of the Council of Ministers in the field of legislation on economic law. Analysis takes into account legal status after liquidation of the Civil Law Codification Commission at the Minister of Justice in December 2015. Author expresses the view that legislative activity in private economic law (commercial law) and arbitration and mediation should be coordinated in the future by the Minister of Development. The article presents proposals of changes in the law of participation in government administration and a draft regulation of the Council of Ministers for setting an Economic Law Codification Commission.
PL
Tematem rozważań uczyniono problematykę ochrony praw i wolności ekonomicznych człowieka za pomocą instrumentów przysługujących Rzecznikowi Finansowemu. W artykule przedstawiono zadania Rzecznika Finansowego w zakresie ochrony praw i wolności ludzkich. Przedstawiono jego kompetencje w odniesieniu do podmiotów rynku finansowego, a także wskazano, w jaki sposób jednostka może zwracać się do Rzecznika o pomoc, jeśli podejrzewa, że naruszono jej prawa i wolności finansowe. Zauważono, że obecnie zakres możliwości Rzecznika uległ znaczącemu rozszerzeniu w stosunku do dawnego urzędu Rzecznika Ubezpieczonych. Z drugiej strony jako podmiot wyspecjalizowany, odznacza się większą skutecznością w dochodzeniu ekonomicznych praw klienta, niż dotychczasowe instytucje sądowe i rzeczniowskie.
EN
The subject of this paper is the issue of protection of economic human rights and liberties by means of instruments disposed of by the Financial Ombudsman. The work presents responsibilities of the Financial Ombudsman with regard to protection of human rights and freedoms. The paper features his competences in relation to the institutions of the financial market and indicates the options of the individual while seeking help of the Ombudsman in the case of breaching its economic rights and freedoms. It has been observed that the scope of the Ombudsman's tools has been greatly expanded comparing to the institution of the Insurance Ombudsman from the past. On the other hand, as a specialised institution, the Financial Ombudsman is characterised by increased effectiveness in pursuing economical rights of a client comparing to previous judicial and extrajudicial institutions.
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