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Kanopy v době Staré říše

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EN
Canopic jars represent one of the sources of evidence of the early stages of the mummification process. However, most of the jars have been found empty without any traces of the original contents. Only several instances of wrapped packages have been discovered either inside the jars or within the heap of their fragments. As they appeared only in the Memphite area tombs, it seems that the presence of canopic jars in the private tombs represented merely an imitation of a piece of royal burial equipment, for most of the Old Kingdom bodies bear no traces of evisceration. The shape of the canopic jars is inspired by the tall shouldered jars commonly used until the beginning of the Old Kingdom, and in limited examples even later. The original shape underwent slight changes in order to become suitable for new contents, i.e. above all there is a widening of the mouth which made it wider than the base. The jars seem to have been called nmst jars, and are often represented within the scenes of stone vessel workshops. Their shape also very much resembles the shape of model stone shouldered jars. As four of them appear in complete sets, these model jars might represent the models of canopic jars within the sets of model stone vessels deposited within the Old Kingdom tombs.
EN
Archaeological excavations in the Abusir South officials’ tombs have revealed several sets of canopic jars that bear traces of large surface damage and plaster patches filling the holes and chippings. Deeper research into the canopic jars of the Old Kingdom unearthed during earlier excavations in the area of Abusir yielded more examples, and therefore questions arose concerning the origins of this damage and subsequent repair. The author of the present study brings to light the so far recognized evidence and outlines several paths of interpretation. The quality of limestone used for the production of all these canopic jars was not the reason for this damage, which would have occurred during the production process. Therefore, the author comes to the conclusion that they must have been used in a kind of pre-burial activity, most probably connected with mummification. Such activity thus caused the surface chippings, and the jars must have been restored (in one case twice). Later on, the jars were put into the burial apartment – all probably empty, as a symbol of post mortal treatment of the body, which probably did not include evisceration.
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