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EN
The article takes up the issue of the characteristics and the implementation of the dividend policy of companies quoted on the Warsaw Stock Exchange in Warsaw for the period 2008-2017. The purpose of the research is the characteristics of dividend policy company satisfaction mechanism, including an assessment of its actual implementation. To study the characteristics and implementation of the dividend policy by the company’s dividend, eventually it was necessary to classify the companies that during the period of 2009-2018 paid dividends for the period 2008-2017 without a break (at 31.07.2018). The test results indicate a high average annual growth rate of paid dividends. Unfortunately, more than half of the companies developed a dividend policy and those that have it as the basis for their decision on the amount of payment of dividends indicate net profit and investment needs.
EN
Attempting to increase the efficiency of capital investments, investors are looking for other methods, in addition to the classic approach, enabling them to achieve extra profits or avoid losses. This seems to be complemented by theories based on the description of irrational investors' behavior and the non-economic aspects of the functioning of the capital markets. This study shows main theories of behavioral finance that show irrational inwestors' behavior e.i.: prospect, regret theory and anchoring. There is also description of spread between individualism and conformity of investors that very offen takes place on capital markets.
EN
This paper discusses the issue of the dividend distribution from the perspective of capital market investors and dividend distributing companies, listed on the largest stock exchanges. The goal of the study is to demonstrate the specificity of the dividend policy of companies functioning on the world’s most developed capital markets – the USA and Western Europe. The study covers 150 companies, their dividend policy, as well as the regularity and dynamics of dividend distribution in the period 2011-2015. The results of the study indicate that in companies listed on the developed capital markets, systematic dividend distribution constitutes a stable element of remunerating investors. The analysis also pointed to the considerable differences between the dividend policy adopted by companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange and the dividend policy of companies which are components of the S&P500, FTSE100, DAX, and CAC40 indices
EN
The aim of this article is to examine the flow of portfolio investment in the 21st century in the further use of the Lucas paradox observed in the world economy in the twentieth century. Portfolio investments are perceived in the literature and empirical research as less significant, while both their size and importance to the development of capital markets are usually only indicated. Data for the study were obtained from the balance of payments of individual countries and groups of countries, as well as data on the size and level of development of capital markets in these groups. The course of this research confirmed the importance of the flow of capital in the form of portfolio investments in the global economy. This has shown the further occurrence of the Lucas paradox, also in portfolio investment. It shows the weakness of the capital markets of LDCs in conjunction with the insufficient inflow of portfolio investments. The originality of the article lies in the combination of portfolio investments and determinants of the attractiveness of individual capital markets for investors in international financial markets. The small inflow of portfolio investments is both the cause and the consequence of the insufficient level of development of capital markets in the least developed countries (LDC). Hence the need to make a diagnosis and to build paths of development of such markets based on the experience of more developed countries, in order to adapt them to attract and retain capital in the form of portfolio investments
EN
The development of the financial market is usually described in terms of new instruments, institutions or integration groups. Aspects often result in a delayed increase in market participants’ confidence, as the learning process of innovation is necessary. In the meantime, the anti-conflict mediation procedure, conflicts of diverse background, allow the parties to compromise and work out agreements that also benefit the entire financial market. The article attempts to argue for the hypothesis emphasizing the role of mediation in improving the level of financial market functioning and the level of investment attractiveness of financial market players. The article shows mediation as a solution to potential conflicts, as described in the current theory of economics and finance, as well as to problems in reality. The research was based on the literature of the subject and on mediation practices on the Polish financial market. The mediation procedure present on the Polish financial market is used especially in the insurance and banking sectors as well as in public finances, contributing to raising the level of trust of the individual entities.
Finanse i Prawo Finansowe
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2021
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vol. 4
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issue 32
117-128
EN
The aim of the article: The main aim of the article is to analyze the relationship between the stock market situation and the real economy, measured by the strength of the correlation between the rate of return on the stock market and the rate of GDP growth in European capital markets. The next objective is to answer the question whether the stock market index changes are ahead of, and if so, by how much, GDP changes. The author’s hypothesis stipulates that the stock exchange situation precedes the change in economic activity and serves as its forecast. Methodology: The empirical research work was carried out on the basis of quarterly data value of the stock index and the GDP between 2010 and the first quarter of 2021 for 20 European countries. For indices and GDP, the quarterly dynamics of the rate of return and GDP were calculated. Data on the value of the stock exchange index was taken from the website www.stooq.pl, while data on GDP was taken from Eurostat. Subsequently, the analysis concerned the correlation relationships between the variables on the basis of the Pearson correlation coefficient. The correlation between the variables was calculated without delay, as well as with a delay of one, two or three quarters of the returns on stock indices. Results of the research: Changes in the value of the stock exchange index is in most cases positively correlated with the change in GDP and the correlation is pronounced, but it is low and moderate. The only market for which a significant correlation was observed, was the Polish market. At the same time, it can be stated that the rates of return on the stock exchange index precede a change in GDP by one or three quarters. No changes were observed for the analyzed countries for two quarters.
EN
The main aim of the article is to conduct the analysis of the different levels of development of Indonesia and Singapore capital markets between 1995 and 2015 and show that in both cases a sudden stop occurs, especially in the period of regional and global financial crises. However, it is possible to see a faster return to stabilization in the developed market, and therefore better opportunities for attracting foreign capital. International capital flows in this article shall be construed as a shift of capital across national borders, recorded in the account balance of payments.
EN
Purpose: Many researchers claim that split has a positive effect on stock returns. However, if we observe more closely, we notice that this is only an accounting procedure. Therefore, the question arises as to whether stock prices should change. To answer this problem, we checked the market reaction to the division of shares on the Warsaw Stock Exchange. Methodology: To verify our hypotheses, we used the event study analysis. Based on the Sharpe market model, we assumed that the price of the asset determines systematic risk and specific risk. Findings: On the basis of conducted analyses, we found a positive market reaction to the first split information, while the announcement of General Meeting of Shareholders (GMS) resolutions generated a price correction. Moreover, split events initially caused an increase in abnormal returns. The research results are consistent with the efficient market hypothesis. Research limitations: The sample size does not give an opportunity to check the impact of economic cycles. During the last 15 years, we found only 75 events of splits without any disruption event. Originality: Analysis of three dates: information about the planned general meeting of shareholders regarding the split, publication of decisions taken at the general meeting, and the day of the split.
EN
Research background: Fintech companies should optimize banking sector performance in assisting enterprise financing as a result of firm digitalization. Artificial IoT-based fintech-based digital transformation can relevantly reverse credit resource misdistribution brought about by corrupt relationship chains. Purpose of the article: We aim to show that fintech can decrease transaction expenses and consolidates firm stock liquidity, enabling excess leverage decrease and cutting down information asymmetry and transaction expenses across capital markets. AI- and IoT-based fintechs enable immersive and collaborative financial transactions, purchases, and investments in relation to payment tokens and metaverse wallets, managing financial data, infrastructure, and value exchange across shared interactive virtual 3D and simulated digital environments. Methods: AMSTAR is a comprehensive critical measurement tool harnessed in systematic review methodological quality evaluation, DistillerSR is harnessed in producing accurate and transparent evidence-based research through literature review stage automation, MMAT appraises and describes study checklist across systematic mixed studies reviews in terms of content validity and methodological quality predictors, Rayyan is a responsive and intuitive knowledge synthesis tool and cloud-based architecture for article inclusion and exclusion suggestions, and ROBIS appraises systematic review bias risk in relation to relevance and concerns. As a reporting quality assessment tool, the PRISMA checklist and flow diagram, generated by a Shiny App, was used. As bibliometric visualization and construction tools for large datasets and networks, Dimensions and VOSviewer were leveraged. Search terms were “fintech” + “artificial intelligence”, “big data management algorithms”, and “Internet of Things”, search period was June 2023, published research inspected was 2023, and selected sources were 35 out of 188. Findings & value added: The growing volume of financial products and optimized operational performance of financial industries generated by fintech can provide firms with multifarious financing options quickly. Big data-driven fintech innovations are pivotal in banking and capital markets in relation to financial institution operational efficiency. Through data-driven technological and process innovation capabilities, AI system-based businesses can further automated services.
Financial Law Review
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2022
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vol. 25
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issue 2
1-16
EN
This paper explores the introduction of SICAV in Czech law, its development and the related difficulties including the tax perspective. Although this legal form helped to boost the collective investment sector in the Czech Republic, in particular for qualified investors’ funds, it is under constant threat of law amendments, which have a negative impact on further progress in the popularity of SICAVs as well as other forms of investment funds. SICAV, as a legal form governed by both private (corporate) and public (regulatory) law, presents a good example of how the two sets of partly autonomous rules may clash and cause undesirable effects. The paper highlights the main inefficiencies and discrepancies, which lead to interpretation difficulties and legal uncertainty. The hypothesis of this paper lies in investigating how local factors in one country, such as the influence of other pieces of legislation and tax environment, negatively impact solutions and models which are standardised and successfully deployed across the EU. It is argued that not only legal and regulatory aspects determine the popularity of investment funds, but a wider landscape, including the activities and approach of the supervisory authority and network of professionals (legal and tax advisors or auditors), plays a crucial role in capital markets development.
11
75%
EN
Report is dealing with a financial crisis development of capital markets developed by instability mortgage and stocking market in the USA at the time, transferred step by step to Europe and Asia. It illumines the task of financial derivations at diffusion crisis from Wall Street to the other financial world centers. It also describes the development of main American stock exchange in the connection with stable mortgage market development and analyses impact of global economic crisis on markets in the Czech Republic.
PL
W przedstawionym artykule „Koniunktura na polskim rynku kapitałowym wobec sytuacji na rynkach wiodących” podjęto próbę określenia siły i kierunku powiązań pomiędzy indeksem WIG Giełdy Papierów Wartościowych w Warszawie a indeksami wiodących giełd światowych: Stany Zjednoczone (S&P 500) oraz Japonia (NIKKEI 225). Analizie poddano dane dzienne wartości wybranych indeksów giełdowych za lata 2000-2008. Wykorzystano tutaj proste metody korelacyjne oraz model z Mechanizmem Korekty Błędem. Wyniki badań wskazują na pełne zintegrowanie polskiego rynku z rozwiniętymi rynkami zagranicznymi. Wysoka siła powiązania uwidoczniła się w ostatnich latach. Reakcja rynku polskiego na sytuację na rynkach zagranicznych następuje w czasie rzeczywistym. Podstawową przyczyną integracji rynków jest ich otwartość oraz rozwój technik komunikacji.
EN
The paper presents an attempt towards determination of the strength and direction of relations between the WIG index of Stock Exchange in Warsaw and the indexes of leading world stock exchanges in the United States (S&P 500) and Japan (NIKKEI 225). The daily data values of selected stock exchange indexes for the period 2000-2008 were analyzed, using the simple correlation methods and a model with Error Correction Mechanism. The results point out at full integration of Polish market with the developed foreign markets. The high strength of relations has occurred in recent years. The Polish market response to situation on foreign markets occurs in real time. The basic cause of market integration is their open nature and development of communication techniques.
PL
Wciąż kształtujący się w Polsce rynek kapitałowy, a w tym giełda papierów wartościowych jako bodaj najważniejsza jego instytucja wymaga ciągłego wypracowywania kompleksu różnych instytucji chroniących, a zarazem niezakłócających funkcjonowania uczestniczących w nim podmiotów. Inwestorzy indywidualni, ze względu na stosunkowo mały zaangażowany kapitał i niski stopień zrzeszenia, należą do grupy podmiotów szczególnie narażonych na ryzyka na giełdzie papierów wartościowych. Zagwarantowanie bezpiecznej pozycji prawnej inwestora indywidualnego wymaga przyjęcia mechanizmów prawnych, które niekiedy przestają być jednak wystarczające. Skutecznym rozwiązaniem przeciwdziałającym temu zjawisku są tzw. akty prawa „miękkiego” (ang. soft law). Akty takie, pomimo niezaliczania się do katalogu źródeł prawa powszechnie obowiązującego mogą wyznaczać pożądane zachowania poszczególnych uczestników giełdy, co może pozytywnie przyczynić się do poszanowania ich praw, ustalenia sztywnych ram funkcjonowania na giełdzie czy uzupełnienia luk prawnych innym sposobem, niż klasyczna droga ustawodawcza. Akty soft law mogą też pełnić różne role w zakresie wyznaczania pozycji inwestora indywidualnego – mogą promować korzystne zachowania emitentów względem nich, wytaczać drogę rozwoju ustawodawstwa w tym zakresie czy pełnić choćby funkcję edukacyjną. Wydaje się, że przez wzgląd na wiele pozytywnych cech, jakie posiadają akty prawa „miękkiego”, takich jak elastyczność czy przejrzystość, jak również ich powszechne zaaprobowanie mogą one w przyszłości zyskać duże uznanie i stać się de facto źródłem norm postępowania podmiotów uczestniczących w rynku kapitałowym i kształtować pozycję na nim inwestorów indywidualnych.
EN
The still forming Polish capital market and the stock exchange as probably its most important institution requires constant development of the complex of different legal institutions protecting but also non-disturbing the functioning of its participants. Individual investors due to their low engaged capital and level of association are a group particularly vulnerable to risks connected with trade at the stock exchange. Guaranteeing an investor a safe legal position requires adoption of legal instruments which sometimes are insufficient. Soft law acts are one of the most efficient methods of counteracting this phenomenon. Despite the fact that soft law acts are not considered as binding sources of law they may determine desired actions of entities at the stock exchange which may contribute favorably to respect their rights, fix rigid framework of functioning at the stock exchange or fulfill legal loopholes in a way other than traditional legal acts. Soft law may also act as recommendation in the position of an individual investor - they may promote issuers’ positive actions towards them, incorporate postulates on changes in the capital markets law or even serve as educational guides. On grounds of many positive attributes like elasticity or transparency and also their universal acceptance it seems that in the future soft law may obtain appreciation and become de facto a source of behavioral norms and create a position of individual investors at the stock exchange.
PL
Celem artykułu jest identyfikacja kosztów oraz uwarunkowań implementacji XBRL jako standardu raportowania finansowego na rynkach kapitałowych. Na potrzeby artykułu dokonano przeglądu wyników badań empirycznych, a także stanowisk, raportów, dokumentów konsultacyjnych nadzorców wybranych rynków kapitałowych dotyczących standardu XBRL oraz przeprowadzono analizę treści zebranych źródeł podporządkowaną celowi badania. Wykorzystanie standardu XBRL jako narzędzia wspomagającego raportowanie finansowe może potencjalnie nieść ze sobą szereg korzyści, takich jak m.in. przyspieszenie procesu raportowania i usprawnienie przepływu informacji, zwiększenie rzetelności i jakości przesyłanych danych, łatwiejsza, szybsza, bardziej elastyczna, wszechstronna i dokładna analiza danych, zwiększenie porównywalności sprawozdań finansowych. Wdrożenie standardu wiążę się też z określonymi kosztami, które muszą być poniesione przez poszczególnych uczestników wymiany informacji. Jak pokazują analizy i badania, zarówno możliwość realizacji i skala potencjalnych korzyści, jak i koszty związane z wykorzystaniem XBRL mogą być uzależnione od takich czynników jak m.in. wielkość przedsiębiorstwa, branża, w której działa przedsiębiorstwo, tryb wdrażania standardu, zasady wdrażania i stosowania standardu przewidziane przez nadzorców rynków kapitałowych, scenariusz implementacji XBRL przyjęty przez przedsiębiorstwo, poziom rozwoju infrastruktury technologicznej oraz bazy edukacyjno-szkoleniowej.
EN
The purpose of this article is to identify the costs and determinants of implementing XBRL as a standard for financial reporting on capital markets. The results of empirical research as well as statements, reports, consultation papers of supervisors of selected capital markets regarding XBRL were reviewed and the content of the collected sources was analyzed. The use of the XBRL standard as a tool supporting financial reporting can potentially bring a number of benefits, such as speeding up the reporting process and improving the flow of information, increasing the reliability and quality of data transferred, making data analysis easier, faster, more flexible, comprehensive and accurate, and increasing the comparability of financial statements. Implementation of the standard is also associated with specific costs that must be incurred by participants of information exchange. As the analyses and research show, the scale of potential benefits, as well as costs related to the use of XBRL may depend on such factors as the size of the enterprise, the industry in which the enterprise operates, the standard implementation mode, rules for implementation and application of the standard provided by capital market supervisors, the XBRL implementation scenario adopted by the enterprise, the level of development of technological infrastructure, and the education and training base.
EN
This paper belongs to the body of capital market research in accounting. The author is trying to estimate the impact of deviation from the market consensus reflected in corporate periodic reports of net result on market capitalization of companies. Expected net result was estimated based on forecasts of experts interviewed by the Polish Press Agency [Polska Agencja Prasowa]. To validate the hypothesis about the relevance of reported net result we used the event study methodology, which measures the strength of reaction to different events (information). The methodology was supposed to assess the occurrence of events when higher than expected rates of return were reported in periods directly preceding and following the date of submission of corporate interim reports. Based on the researched sample of 22 quarterly reports filed over the period 2013-2018 by each company included in the WIG20 index the author observed statistically significant excess rates of return on days t-4 and t+2 for all the sample. When the sample is divided into two sets comprising higher positive or negative (above 10%) deviations the significance of obtained results is even greater, especially for net financial result lower than the one expected by the market
PL
Niniejsze opracowanie wpisuje się w obszar badań rynków kapitałowych w rachunkowości. Autor stara się w nim oszacować wpływ odchyleń od konsensusu rynkowego, ujmowanego w raportach okresowych wyniku netto, na kapitalizację spółek. Oczekiwane wartości wyniku netto zostały ustalone na podstawie prognoz analityków ankietowanych przez Polską Agencję Prasową. W celu weryfikacji hipotezy mówiącej o istotnym charakterze raportowanego wyniku netto wykorzystana została metodyka analizy zdarzeń, mierząca siłę reakcji na pojawienie się różnych informacji. Jej zadaniem w tym artykule była ocena występowania nadwyżkowych stóp zwrotu w sąsiedztwie dni przekazania raportu okresowego spółki. Na podstawie przeanalizowanej próby, obejmującej 22 raporty kwartalne z lat 2013-2018 każdej ze spółek indeksu WIG20, autor zauważył występowanie istotnych statystycznie nadwyżkowych stóp zwrotu w dniach t-4 oraz t+2 dla całej badanej próby. Po podziale na grupy ujmujące przypadki większych odchyleń in plus bądź in minus (powyżej 10%) istotność uzyskanych wyników wzrasta, zwłaszcza w przypadkach wystąpienia niższych wartości wyniku netto od tych oczekiwanych przez rynek.
PL
Ze względu na swój charakter globalizacja podważa kontrolę rządu. W artykule skupiono się na wpływie globalizacji na kraje rozwinięte. W szczególności analizuje, w jaki sposób globalizacja wpłynęła na każdą z czterech następujących instytucji: (i) zarządzanie, (ii) rynki kapitałowe, (iii) państwo opiekuńcze oraz (iv) rynek pracy. Można to podsumować następująco: rządy ograniczyły się w podejmowaniu decyzji, krajowe rynki kapitałowe przekształciły się w gałęzie rynku globalnego i tym samym nie były w stanie swobodnie promować interesów wewnętrznych, państwo opiekuńcze służy raczej kapitalizmowi niż chroni społeczeństwo i zmniejsza nierówności, a rynek pracy doświadcza migracji pracowników do krajów rozwiniętych, podczas gdy branże przeniosły się za granicę do krajów rozwijających się.
EN
Due to its very nature, globalization undermines the government control. This paper focuses on the impact of globalization on developed states. In particular, it analyzes how globalization has affected each of the following four institutions: (i) governance, (ii) capital markets, (iii) welfare state, and (iv) labor market. This can be summarized as follows: governments have become limited in their decision making, domestic capital markets have transformed into branches of the global market and thus have not been able to freely promote domestic interests, the welfare state serves capitalism rather than protects the society and reduces inequality, and the labor market experiences the migration of workers to developed states, whereas industries moved offshore to developing states.
EN
The aim of the article is to identify the most important benefits associated with the use of XBRL for the needs of reporting on capital markets enumerated and analyzed by supervisors of these markets and verified in empirical scientific research. Analyzes and research indicate that the use of the XBRL standard as a tool supporting financial reporting can improve the flow of information, increase the quality and quantity of data available to recipients, increase the comparability of financial statements, increase the ability of users to process and analyze data. The standard may have a major impact on the functioning of the capital market by reducing information asymmetry between market participants, reducing costs of equity, increasing market liquidity. The benefits of using XBRL can be noted by all participants of the capital markets – enterprises financing their operations through these markets, market regulators, investors and analysts.
PL
Celem artykułu jest identyfikacja najważniejszych korzyści związanych z zastosowaniem XBRL na potrzeby raportowania na rynkach kapitałowych, wymienianych i analizowanych przez nadzorców tych rynków, a także weryfikowanych w empirycznych badaniach naukowych. Analizy i badania wskazują, że zastosowanie standardu XBRL jako narzędzia wspomagającego raportowanie finansowe może prowadzić do usprawnienia przepływu informacji, zwiększenia: jakości i ilości danych dostępnych dla odbiorców, porównywalności sprawozdań finansowych, a także zdolności przetwarzania i analizowania danych przez ich użytkowników. Standard może mieć duży wpływ na funkcjonowanie rynku kapitałowego, prowadząc między innymi do zmniejszenia asymetrii informacyjnej między uczestnikami rynku, redukcji kosztów kapitału własnego, zwiększenia płynności rynku. Korzyści z zastosowania XBRL mogą być odnotowywane przez wszystkich uczestników rynków kapitałowych–przedsiębiorstwa finansujące swoją działalność za pośrednictwem tych rynków, regulatorów rynków, inwestorów i analityków.
EN
This paper is dedicated to the issue of the notion of the public company in Polish corporate law. This term, contrary to foreign legal systems, is detached from the fact of whether a given company’s shares are listed on the stock exchange, as it is based solely on the technical aspect of whether shares are issued in dematerialized form. This approach should be deemed inappropriate. First of all, it blurs the distinction between a public company and a private company as it does not at all address in substance the nature of listed companies. Secondly, it introduces into the legal system an obsolete category of public companies which are not equivalent to listed companies. Thirdly, the legislator wrongly adopts the private joint-stock company as the model joint-stock company in the Code of Commercial Companies (the “CCC”) instead of its variant listed on the stock exchange. Consequently, a company which in practice has more in common with a limited liability company than with a listed company has been adopted as a model of a pure capital company. Due to these reasons it is the author’s proposition to redefine the public and private company within the CCC and the capital markets regulation. This paper describes and positively assesses recent legislative proposals concerning the redefinition of the public company through linking its nature with the fact of its shares’ admission to public trading.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł został poświęcony analizie ujęcia „spółki publicznej” w polskim prawie handlowym, które w odróżnieniu od systemów prawnych państw obcych oderwane jest od faktu notowania akcji danej spółki na giełdzie papierów wartościowych, gdyż zostało oparte wyłącznie na technicznym aspekcie formy dokumentowej akcji. Ujęcie to należy uznać za błędne z kilku przyczyn. Po pierwsze, prowadzi ono to zatarcia granicy między spółką publiczną a spółką prywatną w ten sposób, że w ogóle nie odnosi się ono merytorycznie do specyfiki funkcjonowania spółek giełdowych. Po drugie, wprowadza do systemu prawnego zbędną kategorię spółek publicznych, która nie jest równoważna z kategorią spółek giełdowych. Po trzecie, ustawodawca błędnie przyjmuje, że modelową spółką akcyjną w kodeksie spółek handlowych jest jej podtyp niepubliczny w miejsce podtypu publicznego, przez co za wzorzec spółki kapitałowej przyjęto spółkę, którą w praktyce obrotu więcej łączy ze spółką z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością niż ze spółką giełdową. Z tych względów postuluje się przedefiniowanie tych kategorii w obrębie kodeksu spółek handlowych oraz prawa rynku kapitałowego. Artykuł omawia oraz aprobuje wytyczony kierunek reformy prawa rynku kapitałowego, zgodnie z którym ma dojść do zredefiniowania pojęcia spółki publicznej przez powiązanie jej istoty z faktem dopuszczenia jej akcji do obrotu giełdowego.
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