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EN
The Romans believed that they originated from shepherds, and that the profession of a farmer was considered a noble occupation. In both agriculture and pastoralism the crucial role played cattle. Thanks to a very well-preserved agronomic Latin literature, we can accurately describe the cultures of these animals in ancient Rome. The most important sources of knowledge are Cato the Elder, Varro, Columella and Palladius. Farming description contains the information of the optimal age, race and appearance of the animal on which you need to pay attention when buying cattle. It also describes the most appropriate living conditions on the farm, such as animal housing, nutrition, health as well as breeding (the best age to breed, length of pregnancy, care of young animals and castration). Moreover, it provides valuable knowledge about most common diseases and their treatment and the benefits of keeping the animal. The description presented in an ancient literature nowadays allows the building of a big picture on the issue of breeding and keeping cattle.
EN
Dodoru Market is popular for its weekly Market day in Kebbi State, Nigeria. People converge at the market every Monday from various places to buy or sell. Survey of ticks on camels and cattle brought to Dodoru Market for sale was conducted. The aim was to evaluate the prevalence of camel and cattle ticks. A total of 90 animals (40 camels and 50 cattle) were examined. Five tick species were identified and prevalence was evaluated. Results revealed that 32 of the camels were infected with the prevalence of 35.6% and cattle were also infested with 44.4 % prevalence. Boophilus decoloratus has the highest prevalence of 29.1 % in both camels and cattle. Thigh and abdomen were more susceptible to ticks species with the prevalence of 37.7 %. The survey also shows that cattle were more infested than camels and thigh/abdomen was observed to be the most preferred locations for ticks in both camels and cattle.
EN
Excavations at Khirbat al-Sar in 2019 yielded a small assemblage of animal remains dating mainly to the Mamluk period. An archaeozoological analysis provided insight into the food provisioning of the site’s inhabitants. Caprids (sheep and goat) and cattle made up the bulk of the animal food products. The other species present in small quantities are the dromedary, the horse, the dog, the chicken and the hare. The faunal remains offer an opportunity to collect data on animal management and consumption during this period, of which we know very little in terms of archaeozoology.
EN
Transformation to a market economy in 1990 and accession to the European Union in 2004 had a big impact on the functioning of our agricultural sector and the organisation of farms in Poland, and in the Podlaskie Voivodeship. The aim of the paper is try to determine the organisation changes and processes of production concentration in Podlaskie agriculture on the background of Poland in 2002-2012. Use of agricultural production potential in Podlaskie is determined by environmental, economic and organisational conditions. Positive changes in Podlaskie region in the period of 2002--2012 progressive specialisation in animal production, particularly in dairy cattle. In 2012, the share of livestock in commercial agricultural production was 89.3%, including 59.3% for milk production. The direction of these changes shows good use of adverse environmental conditions for agriculture in the region.
EN
Smart agriculture in animal production has been implemented when livestock breeders were seeking possibilities for maximize the production efficiency and increasing the stocking density of their herds, and on the other hand, from the need to maintaining animal welfare, saving time and labor. As a consequence, there was a need for frequent and more detailed information to breeders about the health, activity, well-being and performance of their animals, as well as for precise quality assessment, and the need to monitoring the productivity of agricultural crops.
PL
Inteligentne rolnictwo w produkcji zwierzęcej zrodziło się z chwilą, gdy hodowcy zwierząt gospodarskich z jednej strony dążyli do maksymalizacji wydajności produkcji i zwiększenia pogłowia zwierząt w stadach, z drugiej zaś z potrzeby zachowania zasad dobrostanu zwierząt, oszczędności czasu i nakładów pracy. W konsekwencji zaistniała potrzeba częstego i bardziej szczegółowego informowania hodowców o zdrowiu, aktywności, dobrostanie i wydajności ich zwierząt, jak i z konieczności monitorowania i oceny jakości i produkcyjności upraw rolniczych.
EN
Internal parasites were a serious problem for breeders in ancient Rome. Invasions caused significant material losses due to their negative impact on the condition of animals, weight gain or milkability. The authors of agronomic and veterinary texts referred to them by the names hirudines - leeches, lumbrici - intestinal roundworms or vermes - worms, but it is difficult to determine whether the names were assigned to specific species of parasites. There are many indications that the names lumbrici or vermes were sometimes used interchangeably. Symptoms, formulas of drugs and methods of dealing with infected endoparasites of animals primarily concerned horses and cattle, unlike exoparasites which are mostly diagnosed and treated in sheep, cattle and then horses. Medicines were prepared on the basis of, among others, plants, oil, vinegar or lye. Formulas had been refined by the ancient Romans for several centuries and their effectiveness, in lighter cases, has been confirmed by modern researchers.
PL
Pasożyty wewnętrzne stanowiły poważny problem dla hodowców w starożytnym Rzymie. Inwazje powodowały znaczące straty materialne ze względu na ich negatywny wpływ na kondycję zwierząt, przyrost ich masy czy mleczność. Autorzy tekstów agronomicznych i weterynaryjnych określali je nazwami hirudines - pijawki, lumbrici - glisty jelitowe czy vermes - robaki, niemniej trudno określić czy nazwy były przypisane do konkretnych gatunków pasozytów. Wiele wskazuje, że nazwy lumbrici czy vermes bywały stosowane zamiennie. Objawy, recepty leków oraz sposoby postępowania z zakażonymi endopasożytami zwierzętami dotyczyły przede wszystkim koni oraz bydła w odróżnieniu od egzopasożytów diagnozowanych i leczonych przede wszystkim u owiec, bydła a następnie koni. Leki przygotowywano na bazie m.in. roślin, oleju, octu czy ługu. Recepty były dopracowywane przez starożytnych Rzymian przez kilka wieków a ich skuteczność, w lżejszych przypadkach, została potwierdzona przez współczesnych badaczy.   
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EN
The study deals with the development of the economic relations between Prague and Nuremberg in the first half of the 16th century analysed in the light of the legal documents which affected the bilateral trade (privileges, the Prague–Nuremberg treaty, hosting rights). At the same time, it provides information on the major buyers and on the networks of their customersupplier relations, the assortment of goods and the specific trade practices (factoring, consignment sales, loans).
EN
The present article examines the motif of cattle (Bos taurus taurus) as it was employed by biblical authors for the purpose of depicting God’s qualities and actions. The main aim of the study is to show the zoological and cultural background of the biblical symbols as it is rooted in the breeding and raising of domestic cattle. Namely, it is very probable that certain characteristics of cattle, such as their power, vitality and independence, were the stimulus for referring their image to God. The paper consists of the following parts: (1) a short report on the role of cattle in the beliefs and rituals of the ancient Near East, Greece and Rome; (2) an explanation as to how an ancient people’s knowledge of farm animals influenced their representing the power of God with the symbol of a bull; and (3) the presentation of selected issues concerning the biblical meaning of the horns of cattle.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł podejmuje zagadnienie motywu bydła domowego (Bos taurus taurus), który przez autorów biblijnych został wykorzystany do przedstawienia przymiotów Boga i Jego działania. Głównym celem tego studium jest wskazanie zoologicznych i kulturowych podstaw symboliki biblijnej związanej z hodowlą wspomnianego gatunku. Jest bowiem wysoce prawdopodobne, iż takie cechy bydła, jak siła, żywotność czy niezależność stały się główną przyczyną odniesienia jego obrazu do Boga. Kolejne punkty tego opracowania zawierają: (1) krótkie omówienie roli bydła domowego w wierzeniach i obrzędach starożytnego Bliskiego Wschodu, antycznej Grecji i Rzymu, (2) wyjaśnienie, dlaczego dobra znajomość tych zwierząt hodowlanych, jaka niewątpliwie cechowała starożytnych, zaowocowała uczynieniem z byka symbolu mocy Boga, (3) prezentację niektórych kwestii związanych z biblijną symboliką rogów bydlęcych.
EN
The author presents the results of her comparison of the designations of paths (tracks) braten by cattle or sheep as well as the designations of the runs (outlets, paddocks) for the respective animals. She focuses on the anoikonymy of Moravia and the Czech part of Silesia but takes account of the situation in Bohemia and Slovakia, too.
PL
Artykuł omawia dynamikę polskiego rolnictwa w ostatnich ponad dwóch dekadach oraz opracowane na jej podstawie prognozy rozwoju do 2020 r. i 2030 r. Dotyczą one liczby ludności rolniczej i jej warunków życia, liczby i struktury obszarowej gospodarstw rolnych, struktury produkcji roślinnej i plonów podstawowych ziemiopłodów, liczby zwierząt gospodarskich i ich produktywności oraz techniki produkcji rolnej. Rolnictwo polskie będzie się rozwijać w tych prognozach podobnie do wyników zarysowanych w drugiej części polskiej transformacji po okresie szokowej terapii (1990-1992), a szczególnie po wejściu Polski do Unii Europejskiej (1 maja 2004 r.).
EN
The paper discusses the dynamics of the Polish agriculture in the last two decades and forecasts of its growth until 2020 and 2030, based on extrapolation of the past figures. The forecasts take into account a number of agricultural population and their living conditions, a number and a structure of farm lands, a number and a structure of homesteads, a structure of agricultural production and yields of basic crops, a number of animals stock and its yield and agricultural production technique. The development of Polish agriculture up to 2020 and 2030 will be similar to the development in the second part of transition of the Polish economy, just after the shock therapy (1990-1992), and particularly after the accession of Poland into the European Unity (2004).
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