Search results - CEJSH

1

Inskrypcje na tatarskim cmentarzu w Osmołowie

100%

Drozd A.

Przegląd Orientalistyczny

|

2016

|

issue 1-2

73-88

EN

Osmołowo (Bel. Asmolava) is a village located near the town of Kletsk (Pol.=Bel. Kleck) in the eastern territory of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (today south-west Belarus). Since the middle of the 16th century it had been the centre of the Tatar settlement in the Kletsk Duchy which was the property of the Radziwiłł noble family. The only Tatar cemetery that has been preserved in Osmołowo until today had been founded at the beginning of the 19th century. The oldest grave with an inscription dates back to 1805. We have discovered 27 inscriptions from the 1st half of the 19th century The epigraphical tradition in Osmołowo at that time represented similar trends as in other cemeteries of the Polish-Lithuanian Tatar gentry. The inscriptions had been composed of Arabic or Turkish confessional formulas (mainly shahada) and of the information about the deceased (name, date of death, military ranks, family affiliation) in Polish, written in Latin and/or Arabic script. In the next decades of the 19th century, the inscriptions developed in the same way as in other cemeteries of the small-town communities of the Tatars during this period which meant that the Arabic script was used both for the confessional section and informative section (in Polish or Belorussian), and introduction of more varied Arabic or Turkich eschatological formulas as ayat 3:182, and Turkish invocations Allāh raḥmet eylesin (Tur. “Let the God have mercy”), ey ğennet müyesser eyle (Tur. “O, paradise, be accessible”) which eventually transformed into Allāh raḥmet eyle ğennet firdeuse (Tur.-Per. “O, God, have mercy, heaven, paradise”).

2

Wstępne wyniki badań cmentarzyska kultury wielbarskiej w Linowie, gm. Świecie n/Osą, woj. kujawsko-pomorskie, stanowisko 6

100%

Bokiniec E., Sosnowski W.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

|

2001

|

vol. LIV

|

issue 54

147-152

EN

A destroyed Wielbark Culture cemetery at Linowo was discovered in 1986, and excavated in 1991–93. At the cemetery 39 graves dated to the Roman Period were found (19 pit graves, 3 urn graves and 17 inhumation graves). The skeletons were orientated N-S, deceased were laid on back, heads toward north, what is typical for the Wielbark Culture. However, the skeleton from the grave 66 was laid on his left side with legs bent, and in three undisturbed graves (68, 69A, 69B) the skeletons were placed without any anatomical order, as if the dead were quartered before burial. The oldest graves from the cemetery came from the phase B2/C1 (grave 17 with brooches type A.96; fig. 2), or even from the phase B2c (grave 105 with abrooche type A.128, fig. 2). Grave 1 with a brooch type A.162 and a silver S-clasp type B may be dated to the phase C1a. Quite richly were furnished inhumation graves from the phases C1b–C2. Grave 89 contained abrooche to type A.168, a few clay vessels and a necklace with 6 silver lunula pendants, 12 amber beads and 26 glass beads (Fig. 4), while grave 66 produced a fibula similar to type A.167, a necklace of 14 amber eight-shaped beads, 22 glass beads and bronze bucket-shaped pendant (Fig. 3). The youngest grave at the cemetery produced the belt buckle with thickened frame typical for the phase D (Fig. 2).

3

Cmentarzysko kultury przeworskiej w Oblinie, gm. Maciejowice, woj. mazowieckie

100%

Czarnecka K.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

|

2001

|

vol. LIV

|

issue 54

89-100

EN

A cemetery of the Przeworsk Culture at Oblin, site 5, gm. Maciejowice, woj. mazowieckie is located on a small elevation extended on N-S line, by the edge of the flood terrace of the old Vistula riverbed. It is possible that, in the time of use, bogs or floodwaters surrounded the cemetery. The cemetery is completely explored; 308 cremation graves, both pit and urn graves were found there. The earliest graves furnished with brooches type H, short brooches type B and type J can be dated to the phase A2 (Fig. 1–3). Very interesting is lack of the type K brooches, quite common in the other Przeworsk culture cemeteries of that time. Graves from the phase A3 produced vast amount of brooches type M (Fig. 4c). More significant finds from the Pre-Roman Period are swords, in a few cases found with ornamented scabbards (Fig. 5). Brooches type A.68 and A.236, shield grips with profiled rivet plates and shield bosses type J.6 (Fig. 7) and one-edged swords with narrow blade represent phase B1. Graves dated to that phase are not numerous, what suggests that on the cemetery in Oblin phase B1 lasted for relatively short time. Quite common for next phase B2, are iron trumpet-brooches with silver inlaid decoration (Fig. 9), and massive iron brooches of Almgren group V, with a crest. Very odd form presents an S-form brooch with an imitation of ahinged construction (Fig. 8a). Very significant for this cemetery is almost complete lack of bracelets and pendants; beads or melted glass clumps are also very rare. Weapon finds are, on the contrary, quite numerous. Most interesting among them is a an imported Roman sword ornamented with inlaid figure of Mars, and 3 unique barbed spearheads with extra barb on the edge of the socket. The latest finds – brooches of Almgren’s series 1, group V, variant 5 of trumpet brooches and Mazovian variant of Almgren’s group IV are connected with the very end of the phase B2 or perhaps phase B2/C1. Big, rectangular pits, even 2 m long, with very dark grave fill were atypical grave form in the phases A2 and A3. At the bottom often lays a layer of broken fragments of pottery. An urn, often covered with a bowl, or other big vessel, was usually placed in the corner. Pit graves were much more frequent then urn graves in phase B1, however, urn graves dominated in the phase B2. Grave pits are smaller, with brown, or light brown grave fill, sometimes even difficult to distinguish. Brown, coarse urns are much more frequent then black, polished 3-handle urns typical for the eastern zone of the Przeworsk Culture. Finds from Oblin, especially, from the early Roman Period differ from typical cemeteries of the eastern zone of the Przeworsk Culture such as Kamieńczyk or Nadkole and are closer to the finds known from the region on the other side of the Vistula river. It seems possible that the settlement of the people using the cemetery at Oblin could be placed on the western bank of the Vistula river.

4

Excavations of multicultural site 1 at Michałowice, Czarnocin commune, Świętokrzyskie province, in the years 2008–2010

100%

Zagórska-Telega J., Bulas J., Pikulski J., Szczepanek A.

Recherches Archéologiques Nouvelle Serie

|

2011

|

vol. 3

195-225

EN

The multicultural site 1 at Michałowice has long attracted the attention of archaeologists. Since the 1950’s, artefacts attributed to the Przeworsk culture have been discovered from time to time in fields near the administrative border between the Michałowice and Ciuślice villages. This resulted in an initial, small-scale salvage excavation of the site, which revealed skeleton burials of the Lusatian culture, as well as skeleton and cremation burials attributed to the Przeworsk culture. The excavations conducted in 2008–2010 uncovered 53 archaeological features, attributed to the Trzciniec, Lusatian and Przeworsk cultures. Among the most remarkable discoveries were human and horse burials connected with the Trzciniec culture and the Early Roman Period groove-type features from the Przeworsk culture cemetery.

5

Grób kloszowy z Sinołęki, pow. miński

100%

Drzewicz A.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

|

2011

|

vol. LXII

|

issue 62

232-236

EN

In August 2008 the staff of the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw (subsequently, PMA) received a report on the discovery, at the village of Kolonia Sinołęka, distr. Węgrów, of a cremation grave, unearthed and partly destroyed during illegal gravel extraction. The grave lay on the site of a cemetery of Pomeranian Culture and Cloche Grave Culture, inspected in 1929 by J. Antoniewiczowa in response to a report on two ploughed up burials: a cloche grave within a stone setting, and a stone cist grave containing two urns. One of these held a unique cross-shaped fibula, type Sinołęka, dated to Hallstatt D. The site, published as Sinołęka, site 1, occupies the summit and the south-western slope of a sandy elevation, with the small stream Gawroniec at its foot, between the villages of Sinołęka, distr. Mińsk Mazowiecki, and Kolonia Sinołęka, distr. Węgrów. During an investigation made by the PMA staff, the remains of the grave were excavated from the side of the gravel extraction pit worked on the site of the cemetery. The grave rested at the depth of c. 60 cm below the present-day ground surface, within a fine gravel deposit containing natural intrusions of clay. It contained a cinerary urn filled with cremated bones and a bowl placed over them in an upright position. The whole was covered with a large inverted clay vessel (cloche). Interspersed with the bones were the remains of damaged bronze and iron objects. No traces of the grave pit were identified. Osteological analysis identified the urned remains as an adultus/maturus (?) male and an adultus (20–30 years’ old) female whose bones bore traces of anaemia. Apparently, next to the set of vessels ‘traditional’ for Cloche Grave Culture (cloche, urn, bowl), the burial had not been provided with accessory vessels. In a departure from the most typical placement of the bowl lid – in an inverted position – the bowl had been placed upright inside the vessel. This feature of the burial rite, while rare, has been recorded in ‘cloche’ cemeteries in Mazowsze. The vessels discovered in the grave are quite typical for the Cloche Grave Culture both in their form and technology of execution.

6

Cmentarzysko ciałopalne kultury wielbarskiej w uroczysku Wielka Kletna (Białowieski Park Narodowy, woj. podlaskie)

100%

Krasnodębski D., Dulinicz M., Samojlik T., Olczak H.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

|

2008

|

vol. LX

|

issue 60

362-376

EN

The cremation cemetery of the Wielbark Culture located in Wielka Kletna Range in Białowieża National Park (Podlasie Province in eastern Poland) was discovered in 2003. During the archaeological excavations conducted in the strict reserve of Białowieża National Park, exploration methods minimising the disturbance to the natural environment were employed. Two trenches (23 m2 in total) were opened. Part of the cemetery was covered with a stone paving. Four graves, with no urns, containing bone fragments of four children and an adult man, were discovered. Burials were equipped with scarce ornaments (copper and bronze fibulae, glass beads), tools (spindle whorl), or elements of clothing (iron belt buckle), and – in one case – a set of five clay vessels. Moreover, in the surroundings of graves, over 200 potsherds (80% of them partly burnt), fragments of glass vessels and beads, and a few other artefacts (eg, a small copper knife) were also found. Both the artefacts found at the site and the radiocarbon dates of two charcoal samples from the graves pointed to the C1b–D phases of the Late Roman Period (ie, 3rd–5th c. AD).

7

Materiały z cmentarzyska płaskiego w Łęgu Piekarskim, woj. wielkopolskie w zbiorach PMA

100%

Czarnecka K.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

|

2001

|

vol. LV

|

issue 55

209-218

EN

The collection of the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw contains materials from a cemetery at Łęg Piekarski, Great Poland (Wielkopolska), originating both from chance finds as well as from brief but methodical research conducted in 1936 by Z. Durczewski. Unfortunately, substantial gaps in the documentation, loss of many of the original labels and the fact that grave inventories may have been mixed up when already in storage seriously hinder the reconstruction of the original grave assemblages. Establishing the actual number of graves is additionally made difficult by the fact that a cemetery of the Cloche Grave culture was also found on the same site, as confirmed also by 1975–77 investigation by K. Jażdżewski. In his publication E. Petersen listed - apart from finds originating from a “princely” grave – an Early Roman Period urned grave labelled as no. 1, and only a part of material originating from other cremation graves in storage at the State Archaeological Museum (E. Petersen 1940, 50, 51). Petersen nowhere explains what principles guided his selection of material for publication. At present the State Archaeological Museum collection contains the following materials: 1. Fragments of a Cloche Grave Culture urn defined as belonging to grave 1 (original label); 2. Finds identified as inventory of grave 2 (according to labels copied in the 1970s) include: an urn (Fig. 1a), a bowl (Fig. 1e), a cup (Fig. 1f), a vessel (Fig. 1g), an iron fibula similar to type A.76 (Fig. 1b), an iron single-edged sword (Fig. 2f), a fragment of an iron scabbard (Fig. 2k), an iron spur, so-called Stuhlsporn (Fig. 1d), two iron lance-points (Fig. 2c,d), a fragment of another iron point (Fig. 2e), an iron knife with a bronze hilt plate (Fig. 1c), two fragments of iron shears (Fig. 2b), two fragments of an iron mounting (Fig. 2i,j), two iron rivets (Fig. 2g,h), a frame of a bronze buckle, slightly deformed in fire (Fig. 1h), a fragment of an iron fitting (Fig. 2a) and numerous fragments of considerably damaged iron objects; 3. Grave 3 (original label) is represented only by lumps of melted bronze. The “princely” grave, labelled as grave IIa, contained fragments of a cup (Fig. 5a) and of glossy black vessels (Fig. 5b–e, 6a,b,f,h,i). Several score uncharacteristic pottery fragments, including a Cloche Grave Culture vessel, had been recovered, according to the labels, from ditches 1–4 and 8–10 (Fig. 6c–e,g). Artifacts originating from undetermined finds included two iron scabbard clasps (Fig. 3i, j), iron shears (Fig. 3a), a spike of an iron spur (Fig. 3h), a fragment of a bottom of a bronze vessel, mouth fragment of a bronze vessel (Fig. 3b), a fragment of a sheet bronze hoop (Fig. 3c), fragments of a bronze vessel damaged in fire, two ornamental bronze discs (Fig. 3d,e), two bronze rivets, presumably belonging to the ornamental discs (Fig. 3f), fragment of an iron tendril fibula (Fig. 3g) and a Marcus Aurelius denarius (A. Kietlińska 1957, 282). Moreover, the State Archaeological Museum contains materials from a flat cemetery published by E. Petersen (labels copied in the 1970s). To summarise, it may be said that the site at Łęg Piekarski included a Cloche Grave Culture cemetery and a burial ground of the Przeworsk Culture but the number of graves in the cemetery in question remains virtually unknown. K. Jażdżewski also identified several graves during his investigation of the site (K. Jażdżewski 1978, 128). The material from cremation graves is dated almost without exception to phases B1 and B2 of the Roman Period. This makes them contemporary with “princely” graves. Finds dating from the Pre-Roman Period are not in evidence even among stray finds recovered from trial trenches. This suggests the lack of continuity between the cemetery of the Cloche Grave Culture and that of the Przeworsk Culture. The latest material includes a bronze fibula type A.162 dated to phase C1b–C2 and a fragment of an iron tendril fibula, which may be dated generally to the Late Roman Period.

8

Cmentarzysko kultury przeworskiej w Sochaczewie, woj. mazowieckie

100%

Opaszowska K.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

|

2001

|

vol. LV

|

issue 55

197-207

EN

The collection of the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw contains a striking set of artifacts discovered by chance at Sochaczew, woj. mazowieckie (PMA, IV/9606) in a field known as “Poświętne” (Fig. 1, 2). The set in question includes: 1. A bottom of a bronze vessel, probably a bucket (Fig. 3c). 2. Three fragments of another bronze vessel (Fig. 3d). 3. A damaged bronze trumpet fibula with a support plate (Fig. 3b). 4. A bronze belt buckle in three fragments (Fig. 3a). 5. A bronze knife (Fig. 3g). 6. A bronze mount in the shape of an escutcheon with three rivets (Fig. 3f). 7. A fragment of a bronze wire twisted or folded from two elements, known only from an archival line drawing (Fig. 3e). The set reportedly contained another fibula, which did not survive. According to a spoken communication by the finders the described objects had been found in a vessel made of sheet bronze. Originally they probably were a part of an inventory of an urned grave. The same field “Poświętne also produced 37 fragments of Przeworsk Culture pottery (Fig. 5a–i). This supports an earlier information that cremation graves had been dug up on the site suggesting that Poświętne may have harboured a destroyed cemetery. The bronze fibula (Fig. 3b) represents type A.71 and is the principal dating element of the entire assemblage. Stylistic similarity of the fibula from Sochaczew to fibulae of type A.75 helps to date it to phase B1b, possibly, the very beginning of phase B2. The bronze belt buckle (Fig. 3a) corresponds to type AA10 acc. to R. Madyda-Legutko (1987) i.e., forms derived from elongated figure-of-eight buckles which occur in Central European Barbaricum in phase B1. Change of proportions seen in the buckle from Sochaczew as compared to other specimens of its type suggests that it may have a slightly later chronology (beginning of phase B2). Bronze knives similar in form to the specimen from Sochaczew (Fig. 3g) are known primarily from the western part of the Przeworsk Culture and from the area of present day Denmark. They are in evidence through the entire Roman Period, mainly in richly furnished graves. Their presence has been associated with high social and material status of the deceased; it is also possible that knives had a magical or religious function. The vessel, of which only fragments have survived (Fig. 3c), originally probably served as an urn. The diameter of the vessel bottom from Sochaczew indicates that it may have been a bucket or a cauldron; this is also true of fragments of the other bronze vessel (Fig. 3d). An exceptional object is the bronze mount in the form of an escutcheon (Fig. 3f). The only analogy known to the author is a loose find from the settlement at Jakuszowice, Little Poland (Małopolska) (Fig. 4). In case of both specimens there is no full certainty whether they are archaeological or historical finds. Analysis of the chemical composition of metal samples taken from individual items demonstrated that three: the fibula, belt buckle and knife were made of brass, almost identical in composition. The alloy used in the mounts from Sochaczew and Jakuszowice is a so-called lead bronze not used on Przeworsk Culture territory and neighbouring areas. The entire set of objects most of which probably were a part of an inventory of an urned cremation burial may be dated to phase B1b, at the latest the beginning of phase B2. Pottery fragments discovered in the field “Poświętne” (Fig. 5a–i) may be linked with the destroyed Przeworsk Culture cemetery, in use from the Late Pre-Roman Period until the Late Roman Period. Some 300 m to the south of the site numerous fragments of distinct pottery were discovered (Fig. 5j–p) indicating the presence of a settlement contemporary with the cemetery.

9

Ochrona miejsc pochówku bohaterów narodowych de lege lata i de lege ferenda

100%

Dubowski R.

Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS

|

2018

|

issue 4(60)

126-134

EN

According to the author of the opinion the request contained in the petition should be considered justified, and the bill submitted along with the petition, despite minor deficiencies, may be a starting point for a legislative work. The current provisions do not ensure a proper protection of burial places of the National Heroes, because they enable the cemetery manager to rearrange the grave after 20 years from the burial, if unless anyone objects to it and pays the burial fee.

10

Pohřebiště starší únětické kultury z Prahy‑Ruzyně. Antropologická charakteristika kosterních pozůstatků

100%

Dobisíková M., Velemínský P.

Studia Hercynia

|

2015

|

vol. 19

|

issue 1-2

54-64

EN

Rescue excavations at Praha‑Ruzyně uncovered 11 graves belonging to the Únětice culture, yielding 19 skeletons. 13 skeletons belonged to adult individuals, five were younger than adult, and one skeleton could not have been estimated any closer. The skeletal remains were in general in very poor condition (broken and damaged), so that only one of them (a female) could be sexed properly. Metrical evaluation could also have been carried out only selectively.

11

Ekspertyza antropologiczna ciałopalnych szczątków kostnych z grobów popielnicowych kultury łużyckiej, pochodzących ze stanowiska archeologicznego, zlokalizowanego na Placu Jana Pawła II w Ciechanowie, woj. mazowieckie

100%

Iwanek B., Piontek J.

Raport

|

2014

|

vol. 9

199-206

EN

The article presents results of the anthropological analysis concerning burned skeletal remains coming from 11 urn graves, from the period of the Lusatian culture (the end of the IV Bronze Age period), explored at Jan Paweł II square in Ciechanów, the Mazowieckie Voivodeship. It was determined that human cremated remains belonged to 13 people: three children deceased at the age of infans I (2 children) and infans II (one child), one deceased at the age of juvenis, as well as three women deceased at the age of adultus (2 women) and above 25 years of age (one woman), four men deceased at the age of adultus (one man), adultus/maturus (one man) and maturus (2 men) and 2 people with an undefined sex deceased at the age above 20 years of age.

12

Nowe cmentarzysko w Rzeczycy Suchej, gm. Dwikozy, woj. świętokrzyskie

100%

Florek M., Kurzawska A., Płaza D. K.

Materiały i Sprawozdania Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego

|

2018

|

vol. 39

137-147

XX

In 2014, accidentally ploughed human bones were discovered in the field in the village Rzeczyca Sucha, Sandomierz district, and a year later rescue and trial archaeological excavations were carried out. In the course of research, two poorly preserved human burials were uncovered. One of them contained grave goods and those were two pendants made of shells. It was possible to establish C14 dating on the basis of one of the skeletons. The results of the research indicate the end of the Neolithic period.

13

Zespół mieczy z ciałopalnego cmentarzyska ludności „kultury łużyckiej” w Domasławiu, pow. Wrocław

100%

Gediga B., Hensel Z., Józefowska A., Wróblewski R.

Przegląd Archeologiczny

|

2018

|

vol. 66

137-175

EN

In connection with the planned construction of the Wrocław bypass in the years 2006-2008, the Rescue Archaeological Excavation Team of the Wrocław Branch of the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, carried out rescue excavations at the Site 10/11/12 in Domasław. The most sensational results were obtained during the excavations of the cemetery of the population of the Lusatian culture, above all from the early phase of the Iron Age, the period when the image of the material culture of this community changed fundamentally. This is showed by the construction and grave goods of nearly 300 Hallstatt chamber graves, containing more than 50 luxury graphite-treated and painted pottery vessels, decorations, toiletry sets, tools, bronze vessels and weapons. At the cemetery, a fragment of a bronze sword’s blade was discovered in a grave dated to the IV/V period of the Bronze Age and seven iron and one bronze sword in the Hallstatt graves, undoubtedly imports from the north-Atlantic manufacturing centre. Metallurgical analyses of bronze artefacts may indicate the Alpine origin of the raw material, they also testify to the small qualities of iron swords for the purposes for which they were intended. In one case, the meteorite origin of the raw material was proved. The fact that swords were put to the graves together with the dead, certainly distinguished the individuals and showed their social position. In the light of many premises obtained during the excavations at the cemetery in Domasław, the sources are a confirmation of contacts, already mentioned in the literature, with the Mediterranean civilization, mainly through the Hallstatt cultures.

14

Materiały z cmentarzyska ludności kultury łużyckiej w Chojnie-Golejewku, pow. rawicki, z kolekcji 93 Aleksandra Guttmana

100%

Drzewicz A.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

|

2005

|

vol. LVII

|

issue 57

93-100

EN

The cremation cemetery situated between the villages of Chojno and Golejewko, distr. Rawicz, woj. wielkopolskie (Fig. 1), is one of the most striking and most richly furnished grave-fields of the Lusatian culture people in Wielkopolska, in use starting from BA IV until the Early PreRoman Period. The site, discovered during the second half of the 19th century, is known almost entirely from amateur investigation by local collectors who recovered the better preserved artefacts directly from the site or bought them from the peasants. In this way probably some 2000 graves were dug up, their contents subsequently became dispersed in a few dozen private collections in Poland and abroad. Eventually many of these artefacts were offered or sold to the Archaeological Museum in Poznań and the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw. They were later analysed and published by Z. Woźniak (1959, p. 31–116). Other objects from the Chojno-Golejewko cemetery forming the Aleksander Guttmann collection fared differently. In 1919 one Colonel Tadeusz Jaworowski presented to the National Museum in Warsaw the following set: 12 pottery vessels – one of them a painted vase – and a number of bronzes (a bead, a ring, necklace fragments, a razor, fragments of bronze sheet, perhaps from two further razors), iron finds (a necklace?, a ring, two bracelets) and amber (a large bead) (Fig. 2–6). The objects were not accompanied by any documentation to help link them to particular grave assemblages and nothing can be learnt from the available sources about their collector or the Colonel. The Gutmann collection set passed to the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw (PMA/III/65) only in 1987, but not before losing two vessels, probably during World War II. The set has helped to fill out the existing record of the cemetery at Chojno-Golejewko. Next to pieces which have numerous analogies among the already known material it includes a number of items previously not recorded at Chojno-Golejewko, namely, a bronze trapezoidal razor with a loop, attributed to the local type Gliniany, datable to BA IV, and two bracelets – a bronze and an iron specimen, fashioned from narrow strips of plano-convex sheet. The bronze bracelet is dated to BA IV – Hallstatt, and the iron piece is associated with Early Iron Age. All the objects from the Aleksander Guttmann collection fit the broad chronological framework determined for the cemetery at Chojno-Golejewko.

15

Nieznane materiały z cmentarzyska kultury przeworskiej w Wólce Domaniowskiej, w pow. radomskim

100%

Czarnecka K.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

|

2005

|

vol. LVII

|

issue 57

67-72

EN

Material from the cemetery of the Przeworsk culture at Wólka Domaniowska (M. Olędzki 2000) held by the J. Malczewski Museum in Radom includes a number of previously unpublished items: 2 fragments of an iron shield-grip, type J. 6 (Fig. 1a); 2 small damaged iron spearheads with blunted edges (Fig. 1b.c); 7 damaged iron scabbard fittings (Fig. 2d); a bronze rivet from a sword hilt (Fig. 2c), iron buckle, Madyda-Legutko type D1 (Fig. 2a), iron knife, flexed twice (Fig. 2b). Discovered inside a flattened shield-boss (Fig. 1d) the objects most probably belong to grave 66, which produced the rest of the shield-grip (Fig. 3c) as well as a one-edged sword (Fig. 3b). Another previously unpublished item in the Museum collection – iron shears (Fig.3a) – very likely belongs to the same grave inventory. The practice of depositing smaller objects inside shield-bosses is well known across the Przeworsk culture area. Deliberate disfigurement of grave goods, weapons mostly, is also quite common, unlike intentional blunting of spearhead edges, which is recorded at a much smaller number of sites, eg Wymysłowo, distr. Gostyń, grave 85 (S. Jasnosz 1952, fig. 62:1), Domaradzice, distr. Rawicz, grave 44 (B. Kostrzewski 1954, fig. 166:40) and Velatice, grave 4, Moravia (J. Tejral 1977, fig. 10:3). Blunted edges are noted also on a few spearheads from random finds, dated, similarly as grave 66 from Wólka Domaniowska, to phase B1. Evidence of the same custom is seen on spearhead finds from the Late Roman period, from eg Scandinavia and the Przeworsk culture area.

16

Groby kloszowe z cmentarzyska w Stodzewie, gm. Parysów, stan. 3

100%

Andrzejowska M.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

|

2003

|

vol. LVI

|

issue 56

131-143

EN

The site at Stodzew, comm. Parysów, woj. mazowieckie, lies at a distance of about 300 m NE from farm buildings, at a distance of some 500 m from the present-day channel of the Świder river on the highest elevation in the area (141.6 m above the sea level), in the moraine range of Siedlce Heights (Wysoczyzna Siedlecka) (Fig. 1). As in the past, the dune is at present mined for sand and gravel. The site at Stodzew came on record for the first time in the 1940s, the time when the large cloche grave cemetery was being excavated at the village of Transbór in the neighbourhood (A. Kietlińska, R. Mikłaszewska 1963, p. 296, fig. 35). Research at Stodzew was ultimately spurred by recently incoming reports on random new discoveries of cloche graves made during sand and gravel extraction. Fieldwork carried out at Stodzew in 1997 covered an area of ca 190 m2 of the top of the moraine elevation (Fig. 2). In addition, some 40 m2 disused mine workings indicated as the place where a number of graves had been buried were excavated (with negative results). Trenches cut in the W section of the study area produced, under a layer of humus and subsoil, which contained pottery fragments and numerous stones, the remains of a culture layer and features of a Przeworsk culture settlement. The cloche graves were discovered lower down, at the depth of more than a meter below the ground level, under a layer of yellow sand. The present article is concerned with Cloche Grave culture material recovered during a rescue excavations (features A – grave goods preserved in fine condition and B – heavily damaged) and during stationary fieldwork (partly damaged grave 1 and undisturbed graves 2 and 3). Features discovered in situ at Stodzew were classically “cloche grave” in form. Each held an urn covered by an upturned bowl. From the point of view of its construction grave 2 was exceptional, covered with two closely fitting cloches. The urn it contained (a large mug with a broken off handle) was accompanied by a small jug with a handle set below the rim. In grave 3, the bottom of the cloche was additionally covered with a large potsherd. The urn (a small jug with a broken off handle) stood on a ceramic support, a sherd from the same pot as the one used to cover the cloche. Urns from graves A, B, 1 and 2 held the remains of women aged 20–35 years, in grave marked as feature A, deposited together with the cremated bones of an infant. The remains of another child, presumably a baby, were buried inside grave 3, of unusually small dimensions 3. Grave 1 was deposited in a pit filled with ashes, graves 2 and 3 in pits dug in clean sand, their lower section only with difficulty distinguishable from their surroundings. In the upper section of the pit of grave 2 there was a concentration of burnt animal bone and potsherds. Species composition of the remains from grave 2a closely corresponds (except for the horse, not noted at Stodzew, and birds, rarely noted at other Cloche Grave culture sites) to animal species deposited in human graves (T. Węgrzynowicz 1982, p. 221, fig. 44). The most noteworthy items discovered among the grave furnishings were bone pendants. Two such specimens, fashioned from dog’s teeth roots (Fig. 4g.h), found inside the urn in grave 3, occurred together with the remains of earrings ornamented with beads made of blue-coloured glass with a yellow-white wavy line (Fig. 4i.j). An openwork comb-pendant (Fig. 4d, 5) was discovered in the urn in grave A among burnt human bones next to an iron hoop and the upper section of the arms of bronze tweezers. Any of the archaeological finds recovered at Stodzew may serve as a base for precise dating of the grave assemblages. However, a number of less reliable pieces of evidence let us to determine the general chronology of this cemetery. It was noted that most of the vessels in grave 2 and 3 are fine-walled, smoothed specimens with a developed form, richly ornamented. Together with the accompanying cloches they resemble in their features forms associated with the earliest interval in the relative chronology defined for Cloche Grave culture material in Mazowsze and Podlasie, which is placed in Ha D (M. Andrzejowska 1995, p. 132–135). Furthermore, grave 3 produced fragments of ornaments containing ia beads of blue-coloured glass with a wavy white or yellow-white inclusion. Similar specimens have been recorded in the area of interest in Lusatian culture assemblages dated to Ha D (T. Węgrzynowicz 1968, p. 509). Analogous dating is adopted for this ornament form with regard to the evidence from Pomeranian culture (cf M. Matthaus, Ch. Braun 1983, p. 56–58, maps 1, 2). Consequently, it may be concluded that at least some of the features at the cemetery at Stodzew originate from Hallstatt period D, the earliest period of the development of the Cloche Grave culture in Mazowsze.

17

Cmentarzysko fazy wielkowiejskiej na stan. 1 we Władysławowie Chłapowie, woj. pomorskie

100%

Andrzejowska M.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

|

2003

|

vol. LVI

|

issue 56

145-188

EN

The cemetery at Władysławowo Chłapowo, distr. Puck, lies in the region of Kępa Swarzewska (Fig. 1), on a high (some 45–48 m above the sea level) table-land of the cliff coast of the Baltic (Fig. 2). First discoveries of graves in stone settings at Chłapowo (at present, Władysławowo Chłapowo) were recorded in the nineteenth century. Early in the next century numerous discoveries continued to be made in villages nearby (Amtlicher Bericht über die Verwaltung der naturgeschichtlichen, vorgeschichtlichen und volkskundlichen Sammlungen des Westpreußischen Provinzial-Museums für das Jahr 1896, p. 36; 1903, p. 29; 1913–1915, p. 20), but no materials or records from research made during that period have survived. In archaeological literature Władysławowo Chłapowo, site 1, appears for the first time thanks to the efforts of G. Ossowski, who in 1877 carried out sondage excavations and published its results (G. Ossowski 1879, p. 93, pl. XXVID:5–7; 1881, p. 66). Subsequent discoveries led to the exploration in 1892 by Dr. Lakowitz of 10 graves in stone settings (Nachrichten über deutsche Alterthumsfunde 1892, p. 82–83). In 1934 J. Krajewska excavated 10 graves and 6 hearth pits (ZOW 1935, p. 31). Basing on the grave inventory from Chłapowo published by G. Ossowski E. Petersen included it in the set of elements distinctive for what he distinguished as the Grossendorfer Gruppe (E. Petersen 1929, p.129, table I, item 9). Regular excavation work at the cemetery was initiated in 1947 by Jerzy Antoniewicz. During three seasons (1947, 1948 and 1950) 975 m2 were explored. Of 135 features uncovered at the time some 110 are definite or probable graves (partly damaged or destroyed), the remainder were pits or not easily identifiable areas of darker earth. Basing on their structure the features may be divided into two main categories: features with and without stone settings. The former may be distinguished further into three sub-types depending on the type and manner of utilisation of the building material. 1. Cist features. The side walls of the stone setting are formed by flat slabs of split sandstone or granite, or large flat stones set in the form of usually not very regular, most frequently, square-shaped boxes. The latter were usually additionally reinforced with pebbles to make the structure more tight and stable. 2. Walled-in features. The stone settings are formed by arranging irregularly shaped stones in a rectangular, usually square, outline. 3. Mixed structures. Side walls formed by stone slabs and flat stones as well as pebbles of diverse shape and size. The cover of the grave was in the form of a slab or flat stones (in type I graves) or cobbles of small irregular stones, which covered the features of all the three types, giving them the appearance of small stone-built domes. Inner measurements of the graves generally ranged between 30 and 60 cm, their height was around 30 cm. The bottom of the type I graves (in slab construction) was usually lined with dressed flat stone slabs; in all three types of structures the grave bottom was lined with flat stones and cobbles of small fieldstone. Only in one recorded case the urn stood directly on the sand bottom (grave 11). Graves in stone settings nearly always held burials deposited in cinerary urns. The only exception was Feature 16 containing a small quantity of burnt bone, spread on the grave bottom. Most of the urned graves held a single vessel with cremated remains. Only three burials (graves 68, 90, 100) contained two such vessels (in grave 68, perhaps even three). The urns were stood on the slabs or flat stones, occasionally in addition set about with small pebbles (eg in graves 1, 15, 73). In one case only (grave 12), the urn was strewn about with the remains of the pyre. In grave 24, the urn occurred together with a small pottery vessel probably holding the remains of the pyre. As a rule, the cremated remains had been deposited in different types of pots, usually biconical or vase-shaped forms. In a number of cases, jugs were used as cinerary urns (graves 23, 58, 67, 68 and presumably 79), in two, bulbous vessels with two handles set in the upper section of the vessel body. Three further graves (48, 59, 76) contained urns – vessels with a pair of perforations on the neck. Flat let-in lids covered them, similarly as the urn in grave 17, which also was unusual in form. Fragments of flat urn covers were discovered in a number of substantially damaged features. The report from the excavation by Lakowitz mentions three urns covered with flat lids (Nachrichten über deutsche Alterthumsfunde 1892, p. 83); for his part, Ossowski discovered a vessel with a pair of perforations inside one of the graves (G. Ossowski 1879, p. 93, pl. XXVI:D5). The mouth of this vessel still held a clay ring, most probably securing a lid fashioned from some organic substance, perhaps a piece of cloth. Another unusual way of closing the urn was by sealing its neck opening with clay (grave 28). On rare occasions, the urn was covered by another pot (grave 72?) and probably, plates of fired clay (grave 68). As a rule, urns were covered with inverted bowls but on several occasions, a bowl was placed inside the urn neck the right way up (graves 1, 67, 73, 75, 100). Accessory vessels occurred in three graves only: in feature 23 – a miniature bucket, in grave 75 – a jug, and in grave 44 –a small pyriform vessel. Metal objects – ornaments – mostly surviving in fragmentary form – were discovered only in eight graves: bronze pins – in graves 18, 42, 55, 76 (Fig. 8e, 18d, 21d, 29c), a unique iron pin – in grave 60 (Fig. 22j), bronze bracelets or fragments of bronze band – in graves 51, 52, 53, 55 (Fig. 18g, 21b.c.i). The most richly furnished grave is the one discovered by G. Ossowski, holding fragments of probably four bracelets of double wire and another specimen fashioned from a bronze band (G. Ossowski 1879, p. 93, pl. XXVID). In the group of features lacking stone settings three grave types may be arbitrarily identified: urned, cloche and unurned-pit graves. At Władysławowo Chłapowo five urned graves are recorded (41, 54, 95, 98 and 118). Only the first of them was a “purely” urned burial, deposited in the sand, without traces of a pit, pyre or any additional structures (Fig. 15). In two cases, urns were covered with a bowl, placed in the vessel mouth the right way up (graves 41, 54), in one case, upside down (grave 98). In two graves the cremated remains were held by pots with two high-set handles (graves 41, 118) once, by a deep bowl (grave 54). Accessory vessels or any grave goods did not accompany urned burials. Of nine graves (34, 36, 38, 40, 49, 56, 102, 104, 113) which were defined as certainly or probably belonging to the cloche type, graves 40, 102 and 104 were so badly damaged that it impossible to reconstruct their original form. They held only the fragments of a large vessel, which may have covered the urn. In the remaining burials, the mouth of the vessel covering the urn was surrounded or supported by stones. In grave 56, its bottom was lined with stones. In graves 43 and 38 the urn, and the in the latter case, also the cloche, had been strewn about with ashes from the pyre. Ample remains of the pyre (?) were also observed in the pit of graves 102 and 104, but they did not contain any bones. In cloche graves, the function of cloche as a rule was played by pots of various type, including one probably having two handles set underneath the rim. In grave 113 the cloche was a large bowl resting on stones, covering both the urn and the accessory vessel – jug. A miniature vessel (accessory vessel?) was also discovered in the pit of grave 104. Ovoid pots held twice the cremated remains with two handles set below the rim, in three cases, by jugs. Fragments of bowls were discovered in three graves (36, 40, 102), but only in the description of grave 36, it is noted that a bowl had covered the urn. The inventory of grave 102 included a fragment of a bronze rod (pin?), and grave 104 produced a fragment of a bracelet or neck-ring (Fig. 32e). During fieldwork, 39 features were uncovered of which 19 were defined during excavation as smudges, the rest as pit graves or pits. Most of the “smudges” are grey-coloured blotches of different shapes and dimensions, their depth, presumably slight, were not recorded. Features defined as pit graves or pits (except for feature 112) were circular or oval in shape. The dimensions of most pits were between twenty-odd to about 50 cm, their depth as a rule, not greater than twenty or so centimetres. The largest pits (21 and 94) had the depth of no more than 15 cm. The pits’ fill was dark earth full of pyre remains, in three features (7, 39, 121), with larger charcoal fragments. In eleven cases, the presence of ashes was noted, in nine (not always the same ones), of granite stones, usually burnt and concentrating at the bottom of the pit. All features contained sherds, some of which had evidently been in the fire (37, 101, 112, 119, 120, 121). Only seven pits produced bones, usually a very small quantity. It may be observed that the ceramic inventory of some pits resembles the set of vessels characteristic for the furnishings of cloche graves. At the same time the set of vessels (in which may be included pots with pairs of knobs on their upper body – cf feature 36) commonly occurred in features of the contemporary settlement at Juszkowo, distr. Pruszcz Gd. (pow. gdański) (L. J. Łuka, M. Pietrzak 1969, p. 88–89, fig. 5a.c.d, 6a, 7a; J. T. Podgórski 1971, p. 83, 86, fig. 4b.g; 1972, fig. 8–12). Other pits, less easily described, must have been the remains of hearths, fires and places of deposition of pyre remains associated with the functioning of the cemetery. Analysis of the distribution of the most frequently noted finds revealed a number of regularities. Biconical vessels apparently formed a concentration in the S section of the cemetery and were associated with the zone of graves in stone settings (Fig. 38). The same area also visibly produced a greater number of metal finds (Fig. 41), the SW section of the cemetery, vessels with paired apertures and flat lids (Fig. 38). The latter also occur in the N band of graves in stone settings, which was, at the same time, a zone of more numerous occurrences of vase-like vessels (Fig. 39). Vessels with a roughened body and smoothed neck, although apparently associated with the NE zone of graves in stone settings, are present in different types of features, whereas ovoid vessels with two handles set under the rim appear in cloche graves and in “pit” features situated in the NE “grave” part of the cemetery (Fig. 40). Jugs do not seem to be particularly associated with any of the named zones (Fig. 41). This apparent zonal distribution of features and grave goods may result both from chronological differentiation of assemblages in the cemetery and from observed dissimilarities in funerary rite, expressing different aspects of worship of the dead. Analysis of evidence from the cemetery at Władysławowo Chłapowo shows that features discovered at that site meet the criteria defined for cemeteries of Wielka Wieś phase (cf E. Petersen 1929, p. 116; J. Kostrzewski 1933, p. 59 ff.; 1958, p. 204–221 and 359–361, tables 54–62; W. La Baume 1939, p. 218 –phase A; J. T. Podgórski 1992, p. 205 ff.), considered at present to be the oldest phase of Pomeranian culture, datable to Ha C (Czopek 1997, p. 60). Obviously, the set of observed features of the funerary rite and movable inventories does not exhaust the full list of adopted diagnostic features. Absence of some of them, (eg, flat lids enclosing the urn rim, house urns or certain types of metal objects) may be the evidence of internal chronological differentiation of the identified phase, local distinctiveness of materials or result from the incomplete exploration of the partly destroyed cemetery.

18

Materiały z wczesnej epoki Żelaza z Kalisza Tyńca, woj. wielkopolskie

100%

Karch B.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

|

2003

|

vol. LVI

|

issue 56

87-101

EN

A multiple culture site “Nogajec”, Kalisz Tyniec (Fig. 1), was discovered by accident in 1936 during sand extraction. Finds salvaged at the time (Fig. 2, 3a–f) were offered by lawyer Sulimierski to the provincial museum (Muzeum Wielkopolskie) in Poznań. The site was excavated three times during the same year but, unfortunately, records from this investigation have not survived. All that is known is that T. Wieczorowski from the Prehistory Department of the provincial museum of Wielkopolska in Poznań explored four graves (Fig. 3g, 4; cf T. Wieczorowski 1939, p. 158) and that finds recovered from seven graves by Professor Z. Zakrzewski, Archaeological Monuments Conservation Officer for the Poznań and Pomeranian provinces, attached to the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw, can no longer be traced (D. Durczewski, Z. Śmigielski 1970, p. 76–77). Late in 1936 Z. Zakrzewski renewed investigation at Kalisz Tyniec and uncovered 23 more graves (Fig. 5–10). The present catalogue presents the entire surviving Lusatian Culture material from “Nogajec” in keeping of the Archaeological Museum in Poznań and the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw.

19

Groby kloszowe na warszawskiej Sadybie

100%

Andrzejowska M., Stanaszek Ł. M.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

|

2006

|

vol. LVIII

|

issue 58

378-384

EN

Construction works carried out in September 2005 in the garden of a private villa in Morszyńska Street (Fig. 1), in Sadyba quarter in Czerniaków (in Warsaw’s southern district Mokotów), led to the uncovering of two cloche graves set close together. Both cloche vessels occurred at the depth of ca 120 cm from the present--day ground level, within clean yellow sand (Fig. 2). Both of them rested on a ‘stand’, ie a layer of several dozen heavily burnt sherds from different vessels (Figs. 3f.g, 4, 5), arranged tightly in a rectangle. The two burials were probably contemporaneous and may be viewed as a single deposit consisting of two graves. Under the cloches (Fig. 3a.d) were found urns with burnt human bone. The complete urn found in grave ‘A’ – with a broad body and smoothed neck (Fig. 3a) – was covered by a hemispherical bowl with a polished body (Fig. 3b), set upright over the mouth of the urn. The urn from grave ‘B’ – with a broad body and roughened surface and smoothed neck (Fig. 3e) – broke during construction and was dumped outside the grave. The rectangular ‘stand’ included fragments of a vase-like vessel with a tall neck (Fig. 3f), ornamented bowl with a short neck (Fig. 3g) and two large broad-bodied vessels with well-defined necks emphasised by notched cordons (Figs. 4, 5). The pottery from Morszyńska St. is typical for Cloche Grave Culture ceramic forms known from the region of Mazowsze (cf T. Węgrzynowicz 1988, p. 8–10, fig. 5); in ornamentation and technology it is also consistent in general with vessels known from Cloche Grave Culture sites recorded in the area. The only non-typical feature is the ornamentation of sherds from the bowl which were used to make the rectangular ‘stand’, and the notching of the lip of the bowl from grave ‘A’. Also worth noting is careful preparation of the mixture of clay and large amount of crushed rock temper used to roughen (by daubing) the cloches and urns. The urn from grave ‘A’ contained the remains of an adultus woman, slender and tall (approximately 160–164 cm), in good physical condition. Grave ‘B’ produced the remains of a mature woman (?). Degenerative changes observed on spinal bones of this individual suggest hard living and heavy labour. Bones collected in the area around the two graves included a fragment of a young roe deer tibia diaphysis.

20

Cmentarzysko kultury grobów kloszowych w Wieliszewie, pow. legionowski

100%

Węgrzynowicz T.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

|

2006

|

vol. LVIII

|

issue 58

215-264

EN

The cemetery of Cloche Grave Culture at Wieliszew, comm. loco, was discovered in 1985 and excavated, starting the following year, over four seasons, probably in its entirety (Fig. 2). Situated in an area of dune sands it suffered substantially from production activity of a fruit-and-vegetable processing plant, then owner of the area (Fig. 3). In the course of investigation ‘features’ were identified – when the level of preservation made it possible to define at least approximately their nature and function – and ‘clusters’, presumably the remains of destroyed features – when encountering groups of pottery fragments and/or cremated bones. A total of 47 features were explored: 46 graves belonging to the discussed gravefield, a pit from the Medieval Period and four ‘clusters’. A human skeleton burial discovered outside the burial ground is presumably of modern date (Fig. 20). The cemetery at Wieliszew belongs to the category of so-called ‘pure’ funerary complexes, ie, ones which do not feature grave forms and finds typical for Pomeranian Culture, which started to be recorded in Mazowsze during approximately the same period as Cloche Grave Culture (at the end of Early Iron Age) and left its imprint on the ideology and economy of the local population. Three categories of grave deposits were identified as follows: cloche graves (22), urned cremation graves (7), unurned cremation graves (2). The remaining graves were too deteriorated to identify their form. The graves were mostly set within pure sand, without traces of the cremation pyre. Anthropological analysis of bone remains was not made as the degree of destruction and mixing would have made the result unreliable. Cloche graves consisted basically of three vessels: an urn covered with a bowl, the two covered with a much larger vessel – a cloche; occasionally there was also a fourth vessel, a bowl standing under the urn or, as in feature 17, a miniature jug. The cloches was always inverted, the bowl placed either bottom down or up. The graves had no stone or ceramic settings, a feature occasionally encountered in other cemeteries in Mazowsze. In addition to bone remains ten burials produced small objects which mixed with the bone fragments – metal, glass, bone and antler items – all damaged to a greater or lesser extent by fire (Figs. 18d, 29d, 35a, 36a–c); as such these objects may be interpreted as dress accessories of the buried individual. Urned graves consisted of a cinerary urn containing bone fragments and covered with a bowl, all except one inverted; only a single urn was covered by a base of another vessel. The graves contained no other grave goods. Pit graves consisted of bone remains placed within a pit in a compact arrangement suggesting that originally they were wrapped tightly in fabric or hide. There were no grave goods. Presumably the pit grave category included two other features which, unfortunately, were recorded inadequately; they contained cremated animal bones and animal bones with a small admixture of human bone. Cremated animal burials, relatively frequent in Cloche Grave Culture, are always deposited within a grave pit. A number of isolated animal bones was recorded at Wieliszew, occasionally also inside cloche and urn graves. Some features were set so close together that they must be synchronic At Wieliszew there were six or seven such complexes consisting of two or three graves, always of cloche type. Beside synchronic deposition this arrangement indicates existence of ties, presumably of kinship, which linked the buried individuals, but the lack of anthropological determinations makes it impossible to trace any possible relationships. We can only conclude that individuals buried in these graves had been accorded a very special form of cloche grave burial and were accompanied in death by furnishings exceptionally rich for the whole cemetery, all of which suggests that they must have occupied a special position in their community. In Cloche Grave Culture there is no general tradition of producing pottery vessels specifically for funerary purposes. Nevertheless it is difficult to image the thin-walled elaborately ornamented urn vessels being used for everyday domestic purposes. In some (but not all) jugs and mugs the handle was missing and was not discovered elsewhere in the grave pit; perhaps handles were knocked off from vessels in some symbolic ritual. Presence in the grave inventory of non-ceramic grave goods is confirmed most often only by traces of copper patina or (exceptionally) iron rust adhering to the bones. The only iron object was an item of toiletry – tweezers. Other small finds included fragments of copper or bronze wire and sheet, melted remains of glass beads, and objects fashioned from bone and antler: two small plates with a central perforation, a bone pin, and a heavily burnt ornamented hammerlike antler object (however, not a single find of a similar hammer is recorded in Poland). All these objects, regardless of their material, are forms with known analogies in Hallstatt material, its younger phase in particular. The pottery from Wieliszew does not differ technologically from ceramics known from other ‘pure’ Cloche Grave cemeteries in Mazowsze. Ornamentation is relatively modest and tends to be uncommon. The only exception are four bowls with ornamentation widely different from the typical Cloche Grave Culture repertoire (Figs. 16d, 25c, 26e, 35b). All four bowls are decorated with motives produced by making short and deep incisions arranged in wavy line, star or flower pattern. The composition of these motives is fairly unskilled, the artist apparently failed to plan the individual designs on the vessel body, something never observed in Cloche Grave pottery. Another exceptional find is a bowl with inlaid design of four small metal rings pressed into the soft clay (Fig. 41a.b). This decorative technique is not recorded either in Cloche Grave Culture or in the region. Dating ceramics in Cloche Grave Culture is very difficult. In their features the vessels from Wieliszew are consistent with the assumption that the cemetery was already in use in late Hallstatt period, before Pomeranian Culture would have left its imprint on the funerary rite or pottery styles. Archaeological evidence is insufficient to determine whether the gravefield continued into early La Tčne but its small size probably reflects its short duration. The presence of the four exceptional bowls discussed earlier, almost certainly the product of one pottery-maker, helps to confine the time of deposition of graves which contained these vessels to the period of professional activity of a this individual (35 years at most?). It is also likely that during this time burials were deposited within an area confined on both sides by graves containing the vessels in question. The graves are additionally dated by their grave goods of Hallstatt date (Fig. 54). Imaginably, outside the area marked by the graves with bowls burials were deposited during a younger phase of the cemetery but for lack of evidence this issue cannot be examined in more detail. Excavation at Wieliszew produced a small body of artefacts attributable to other culture units and chronological divisions: flints (discussed in A. J. To¬maszewski 2006), 3 fragments of Trzciniec Culture pottery (Fig. 55f), 6 fragments of Early Medieval vessels (Fig. 55a.c–e.g). A medieval pit (Fig. 48), presumably associated with production activity, contained in its fill a fragment of a gothic hand-moulded brick and a fragment of a wheel--thrown jug (Fig. 51a); another fragment of a turned medieval vessel was also discovered, not associated with the pit in question (Fig. 55b).

Refine search results