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Cmentarzysko z okresu wpływów rzymskich i z okresu wędrówek ludów w Kamieniu na Pojezierzu Mazurskim

100%

Szter I.

Wiadomości Archeologiczne

2010

vol. LXI

issue 61

201-331

The cemetery at Kamień (distr. Pisz, former Kamien, Kr. Sensburg) lies in the southern area of the Masurian Great Lakes District. The site was excavated in 1906 and 1907 by Felix E. Peiser. Results of this research were never published in full, with only brief reports on the fieldwork and archaeological finds (E. Hollack 1908, p. 65, map – sq K 16; F. E. Peiser 1909, pl. LI; Sitzungsberichte 1919a, p. 517; 1919b, p. 528; M. Jahn 1916, p. 90; 1921, p. 65–66, 68, 110, 117; S. Bolin 1926, p. 237; W. Gaerte 1929, fig. 135i, 146Ab, 146d, 147i, 168e, 177a.d; cf. also note 3). The aim of the article is to give an overview of research at Kamień and reconstruct archaeological assemblages discovered there. Until 1945 the finds from Kamień were held by Prussia-Museum in Königsberg. During WW II a large part of this collection became scattered and perished. Only four finds from the cemetery at Kamień have resurfaced since: two vessels (graves 113 and 136 – pl. XIII/113:1c.d, XVI/136:1b.c), now in the regional Muzeum Warmii i Mazur in Olsztyn and a lancehead with barbs from grave 10 (Pl. IV/10:5d) and omega-shaped ring from grave 92 (Pl. XI/92:2b.c) in keeping of Museum für Vor- und Frühgeschichte in Berlin. In addition, two beads from the same museum are also tentatively provenanced to Kamień (Fig. 4). Museum für Vor- und Frühgeschichte also holds the relevant research documentation, i.e., which comprises the site diary written by Felix E. Peiser in his Journal No. 10 (Fig. 1, Appendix 1) and notes of Peiser with descriptions of the discovered assemblages and archaeological finds (Fig. 3, Appendix 4), copies of Peiser’s Journals no. 7 and 10 made during the 1920s by Hans Tiessen (Appendix 2 & 3), and photographs (Fig. 2a.b). These records have made it possible to determine the exact time of F. Peiser’s fieldwork and specify the number of grave assemblages (168) and three features (marked A, α and β) discovered at Kamien, and to located them on the plan of the cemetery (Fig. 7, 8). The same archival record was used to describe the form of the features (Fig. 21) and their inventories. Essential data on finds from Kamien was obtained from a review of other archival sources, mainly, the files of M. Schmiedehelm, M. Jahn, F. Jakobson, G. Kossinna, C. Engel, R. Grenz and J. Kostrzewski. Collected in the appendices is the complete surviving documentation on the site at Kamień, base material for reconstructing past research of the cemetery and the catalogue of finds. It consists of four documents in manuscript: Journal No. 10 written by Felix E. Peiser (Appendix 1), copies of Peiser’s Journals no. 7 and 10 made during the 1920s by Hans Tiessen (Appendix 2 & 3) and Peiser’s notes with descriptions of the discovered assemblages and archaeological finds (Appendix 4). Each source was copied in italics retaining the original spelling and arrangement of the text. Mistakes and spelling errors have not been corrected. All drawing of the finds and sections found on the margin of these documents were scanned in 1:1 scale and are presented on the plates. In some cases, to better present the vessel ornaments we included 2:1 drawings. Footnotes to the illustrations as well as supplementary information or comments to the text are given in square brackets. Analysis of archaeological material recovered at Kamień indicates that the cemetery was in use during the Roman and the Migration Period, established by the people of Bogaczewo Culture during the mature segment of the Early Roman Period. The greatest number of reliably dated grave assemblages dates from phase B2b–C1a (Fig. 22). This is supported by the presence of diagnostically sensitive ornaments, e.g., pins (type Szwajcaria II – pl. XVII/143:4a–d; variants of type B III – pl. XII/105:1, XVII/142:3; variants Bogaczewo type I – pl. III/9:2), brooches (Mazovian variant – pl. I/1:3; type A.133 – pl. I/2:2; triple-crest brooches of assorted variants – pl. XVIII/156:1; a knee brooch –pl. XVII/143:3a–c; type Babięta – pl. X/77a-b:2), belt fittings (buckles type AD17 – pl. V/30:3; type AG16 – pl. X/77a-b:3; with a double pin – Pl. I/2:3; strap ends: flat – pl. I/2:4, II/4:5a.b, IX/75:3; and profiled – pl. V/30:9a–c) or assorted appliqués (Pl. V/30:4, VI/35:1a.b.5a.b, VII/54:1a.b.2a.b). Also dated to the same period were elements of war gear: a shield-boss: type J6 (Pl. III/10:1a.b), spurs: group E (Pl. I/2:5a.b, II/4:6a.b, III/10:2a.b, V:30:2a–c) and lanceheads (Pl. IV/10:5a–d, VII/53:1a.b, VII/65a:1a.b). The use of the cemetery during the Late Roman Period is documented by the inventory of features no. 82 and 106, which contained brooches type A.161-161, and grave 145 holding a Marcus Aurelius sestertius. A longer series of graves is datable only by pottery and non-ceramic finds broadly to phases C and D, whereas use during the Migration Period is documented by a brooch fragment diagnostic for phase D (grave 25), a buckle with a thickened oval frame, type AH16 (grave 131), and vessels distinctive for the Olsztyn Group e.g., fragmented hollow-footed beaker (grave 24), pottery ornamented with a design engraved the length of the maximum circumference of the vessel (Pl. XV/134:1) and pinched ornament (Pl. XVI/136:1a–c). Absence of furnishings or only the presence of non-characteristic forms prevented the dating of 60 inventories (see note 53). This group included the only horse inhumation discovered at Kamień (grave 23 – pl. V/23:1). Human burials were either of urned or unurned cremation type, characteristic for Bogaczewo Culture and the Olsztyn Group. Some had been deposited within pure sand covered or not with the remains of the cremation pyre. Urns tended to be covered with a bowl, quite often, also with stones over them (e.g., pl. II/5:A.6:A, III/7:A.8:A.9:A, XI/97:A.B). In the unurned burials the cremated remains were either in a compact cluster or spread loosely within the pit (Pl. XII/102:A.B).

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1 Wiadomości Archeologiczne

1 Szter I.

1 2010

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Cmentarzysko z okresu wpływów rzymskich i z okresu wędrówek ludów w Kamieniu na Pojezierzu Mazurskim