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EN
The article is devoted to the role of Zamoyski family in creating protective aims to care for children from poor families and participate in other forms of charity.
PL
Artykuł traktuje o partykułach wzmacniających (afektantach) w XVI-wiecznych tłumaczeniach Ewangelii na język polski. Obecność partykuł ekspresywnych (emotywnych) jest cechą charakterystyczną polszczyzny dawnej i gwar. Także w XVI-wiecznych przekładach Ewangelii występuje wiele różnych partykuł, jak a, i¸ to, ale najczęstsze są partykuły że i ci. Tylko one też ulegają skróceniu do -ż i -ć, zwykle w pozycji posamogłoskowej, choć nie tylko, jak pokazują takie przykłady, jak jeśliż i jeśliże oraz jeślić i jeślici. W artykule ukazana jest zarówno geneza partykuły ci, propozycje jej transkrypcji dla tekstów typu A, czyli wydań ściśle naukowych, dokumentacyjnych, przeznaczonych dla celów badawczych, jak i zróżnicowana frekwencja partykuł ci/-ć oraz że/-ż w dziewięciu różnych szesnastowiecznych przekładach Ewangelii na język polski, od największej w Biblii brzeskiej do niewielkiej w tłumaczeniach Szymona Budnego. Podjęta jest próba ukazania przyczyn tej różnorodności; wskazuje się, że wpływ na to zjawisko ma przede wszystkim chronologia tekstów, w mniejszym zaś stopniu wyznanie (konfesja) tłumaczy.
EN
The article treats of the intensive particles (affective) in 16thcentury translations of the Gospel to Polish language. The presence of expressive particles (emotive ones) is a specific feature of the old Polish language and of the local dialects. In 16th century translations of the Gospel we can found a lot of different particles too, such as a, i, to, but the most frequent are że and ci. Only these particles are shortened to -ż and -ć, usually when placed after the vowel, but sometimes not, as can be seen in such examples as jeśliż and jeśliże, as well as jeślić and jeślici. The article presents the origin of particle ci and the proposals of its transcription for the texts of A type, i.e. the publications strictly scientific, documentation ones, for research purposes. There is also covered the diverse frequency of particles ci/-ć and że/-ż in nine different 16th century translations of the Gospel to Polish language, from the highest frequency in Bible from Brześć, to smallest in Szymon Budny’s translations. An attempt to present the reasons of this diversity is also the subject of the article: it is shown that especially the chronology of texts influences this phenomenon, in a smaller extent the religion (confession) of translators.
EN
The main objective of this paper is to present a reflection on the process when journalism was becoming a profession at the end of XIX century. This process is depicted in the Kraszewski’s novel In troubled water (W mętnej wodzie). An additional aim is to present Kraszewski as a journalist and a press expert. The journalist ethos is described in the light of the social context of its time. The analyzed novel is treated as an extraordinary moral code of newly emerged profession of journalism.
PL
Celem głównym artykułu jest prezentacja refleksji nad najważniejszymi aspektami profesjonalizującego się dziennikarstwa zawartej w powieści Kraszewskiego W mętnej wodzie. Celem dodatkowym jest przybliżenie postaci Kraszewskiego jako dziennikarza i prasoznawcy oraz zarysowanie realiów epoki mających wpływ na etos dziennikarski. Analizowana powieść została potraktowana jako nietypowy „kodeks etyczny” rodzącej się profesji dziennikarskiej.
EN
The article presents and analyses the letter of Maria Sumińska, a young Polish aristocrat in Paris to Jean-Charles Joseph Laumond, a high official of the Empire and chief director of mines. It is preserved in the Cordier’s geological collection at the National Museum of Natural History of Paris. The letter is a very personal request for a promotion and a position of branch mine inspector for Sumińska’s beloved Cordier. The young woman begs Laumond, explaining that her mother refuses her permission to marry him and that this promotion will change the situation. The article presents the context of this letter and the involvement of various persons, including Ksawery Działyński (1756– 1819), member of the government of the Duchy of Warsaw and Louis-Alexandre Berthier (1753–1815), <> and Marshal of France. This history is analysed from the point of view of Cordier’s biography, one of the most eminent geologists of the time, as well as in the context of the functioning of the Napoleonic institutions. Research on the life of Maria Sumińska, who died, probably by suicide, a few months after the letter had been written, was also conducted. The article presents its results based on the archives of the National Museum of Natural History, the Institut de France, the Archives of the City of Paris and the Police Prefecture.
EN
Many untrue hypotheses and information appeared around the “alleged” witchcraft trial in Doruchow in the second half of the 18th century, which resulted in the death of sever-al women. The text introduces a new category of sources: vital records registers and consistory records, which proved to be valuable material not only confirming the event itself, but also revealing the initiators of the trial, defendants, and witnesses.
EN
In 2015, Todos’ Os’machka celebrated his 120th anniversary. In the paper, the author outlines Shakespearean motifs in T. Os’machka’s poetry and novellas. The concepts of visionaries, apocalypse, and palingenesis (παλιγγενεσία) have been discussed taking into account Os’machka’s texts. His novella Starshyi boyaryn represents the mythological orientations explicated through the narrative peculiarities and the key idea of apocalypse and its spiritual afterglow. The text seems to be a Ukrainian version of Shakespeare’s Macbeth, which was translated by Os’machka and published in 1953 together with Henri IV. The author’s texts represent specific historical visionaries and demonstrate an outstanding model of Ukraine as a metaphysical place. The reception of Os’machka’s works as ‘alchemical’ (Yu. Sherekh) has been also spotlighted in the paper.
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