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THE POSITION OF POLAND AS A CEREAL PRODUCER IN COMPARISON WITH OTHER EU COUNTRIES

100%
Dobrowolski D., Śmidoda P.
Roczniki Ekonomiczne Kujawsko-Pomorskiej Szkoły Wyższej w Bydgoszczy
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2018
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issue (11)
267-280
EN
THE POSITION OF POLAND AS A CEREAL PRODUCER IN COMPARISON WITH OTHER EU COUNTRIES
2

Utilisation of cultivated and wild plants in the economy of the Linear Pottery Culture in the Upper Vistula basin

88%
Lityńska-Zając M., Czekaj-Zastawny A., Rauba-Bukowska A.
Sprawozdania Archeologiczne
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2017
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vol. 69
271-295
EN
The current recognition of plant materials obtained from archaeological sites of the Linear Pottery Culture in the Upper Vistula basin made it possible to indicate the species that were cultivated and utilised by the Early Neolithic human communities. The data presented in this paper, referring to the occurrence of macroscopic plant remains of various types, was collected from 23 sites (97 identifi ed taxa). The analyses covered charred remains of plants, their imprints in daub and pottery, and fragments preserved within the mass of clay used for production of ceramic vessels. The results of these studies have delivered a great number of interpretative opportunities; apart from reconstructions of the environment and economic behaviours of fi rst farmers, these opportunities included the versatile application of plants, and clearly indicated that an application of plants and organic materials was highly diversifi ed and constituted the grounds on which human economy of the Early Neolithic was based.
3
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Efektywność produkcji wybranych zbóż w Polsce w latach 2018-2020

75%
Augustyńska I., Czułowska M.
Zagadnienia Doradztwa Rolniczego
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2021
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vol. 103
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issue 1
5-22
EN
In Poland and in the entire European Union, over 60% of the consumption of cereal grains (in total) is allocated to feeding stuff. They are usually grains of maize, wheat and barley. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the production and economic results of the cultivation of winter wheat, spring barley and grain maize, as well as an attempt to assess the technical, economic and environmental efficiency of their production and the efficiency value of the grain produced in 2018-2020. Data for 2018 are actual data but data for 2019-2020 are estimated data. The analysis showed that, on average, in the research years, the cultivation of these cereals was profitable, with the highest income for maize, and the lowest – for barley. Maize was also ranked first in terms of technical and efficiency value of grain, while barley was ranked first in terms of economic and environmental performance.
PL
W Polsce, jak i w całej Unii Europejskiej ponad 60% zużycia ziarna zbóż (ogółem) przeznaczane jest na paszę. Zazwyczaj jest to ziarno kukurydzy, pszenicy i jęczmienia. W związku z tym, celem pracy było określenie wyników produkcyjno-ekonomicznych z uprawy pszenicy ozimej, jęczmienia jarego i kukurydzy na ziarno, jak też próba oceny efektywności technicznej, ekonomicznej i środowiskowej ich produkcji oraz efektywności gospodarczej wyprodukowanego ziarna w latach 2018-2020. Dane dla 2018 roku to dane rzeczywiste, a dla lat 2019-2020 – szacunkowe. Analiza wykazała, że średnio w latach badań uprawa tych zbóż była dochodowa, przy czym najwyższy dochód uzyskano z kukurydzy, a najniższy – z jęczmienia. Kukurydza zajęła też pierwsze miejsce pod względem efektywności technicznej oraz efektywności gospodarczej ziarna, podczas gdy jęczmień – pod względem efektywności ekonomicznej i środowiskowej.
4
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The symbolism of plants in the Polish folk tradition. Cereals

75%
Rocznik Slawistyczny
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2018
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issue LXVII
5
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Plant macrofossils from the site of Tell Arbid, Northeast Syria (3rd–2nd millennium BC). Preliminary report

75%
Mueller-Bieniek A., Wasylikowa K., Smogorzewska A.
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
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2015
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vol. 24(1)
657-674
EN
The paper presents preliminary results of an analysis of 51 samples of plant macrofossils coming from various archaeological contexts from the site of Tell Arbid in Northeast Syria. The contexts were dated mainly to the 3rd millennium BC (EJI–EJV) with a few being of 2nd millennium BC date (Khabur Ware and Mitanni periods). Cultivated plants were represented by cereals and pulses. The cultivation of at least three cereal species is documented, including a hulled variety of two-rowed barley, glumed einkorn and/or emmer wheat, and a species of naked wheat, probably macaroni wheat. Vegetables included lentil, bitter vetch, grass pea, and garden pea. Plants from the Ninevite 5 period (EJI–EJII) and their significance in the Tell Arbid economy are discussed in greater detail owing to the highest number of samples studied.
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Zboża jako składnik rolnictwa i gospodarki Polski

75%
Kapusta F.
Ekonomia XXI Wieku
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2016
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issue 2 (10)
121-137
EN
The aim of this study was to: a) show the place and role of cereals in the Polish economy in the early twenty-first century; b) analyze changes in the area of cereal crops and their share in the structure of crops in the years 1938-2013; c) analyze trends in the size and structure of grain production in the years 1938-2013; d) perform balance of cereals and determination of Polish self-sufficiency in this product; e) characterize trends in destiny cereals; f) present state intervention in the grain market. The analysis is based on sources such as scientific publications, reports of the Institute of Agricultural and Food Economics − National Research and statistical materials. The collected material was developed and interpreted using the methods: a comparison in the horizontal and vertical form, statistical form and determine the Polish self-sufficiency in grain production in terms of technical and economical Kapusta method. Cereals are an important component of agriculture and Polish economy since they are grown by 89.5% of farms, occupy almost three quarters of crop area and are an essential component of crop rotation (2013). 19.1% of global agriculture production and 35.5% of plant production and 13.1% of the agricultural commodity production and 29.1% of crop production form an important source of nutrients, the basis of the food pyramid and a basic component of food security, cereals and their derivatives are the subject of foreign trade and a source of increasing surplus in the trade balance (2012/2013 + 1 150 thousand euros). Already in pre- WWII Poland the position of grain was high, and in post-war Poland variable with a tendency to increase their role in plantings and agricultural production. Under the influence of various factors, mainly economic and natural there are changes to the total cereal cultivation area and the individual species. The universality of cereal crops makes difficulties in disseminating biological and technological progress. Although in the post-war period there was a decrease in areas planted with cereals, their collections are on the rise; also changes its structure in favor of more intensive species at a higher value in use (wheat, barley, triticale, corn). The production is realized in order to satisfy human needs, and therefore a good measure of the production of goods per 1 inhabitant, in this case the grain. From the pre-war years to modern years grain production has increased from 404 kg per capita to 739 kg. In the balance sheet of cereals at the beginning of the twenty-first century, we have two different situations; relatively stable internal consumption is accompanied by high volatility on the production side (changes in acreage and yields), which generates the need for imports in the years of crop failure. In Poland, cereals consumed (average of the years 2000 / 01-2012 / 13, for 13 years) are as follows: grazing − 60.5%, consumption − 22.2%, sowing (reproduction) − 7.2%, industrial processing − 4.5%, other (loss defects) − 3.7%. At the same time Poland exported 15,676 thousand tons of grain, and imported 16, 530 thousand tones, i.e. 854 thousand tons more. In subsequent years, however, there were changing trends in the balance of foreign trade in grain. In the period of Polish membership in the European Union we observe the increased foreign sales of grain and milk (both exports and imports). As a result of well-developed grain processing and export of its products Poland has achieved positive balance of trade with increasing surplus with foreign countries in terms of value for several years. The cereals market in Poland − as in other European Union countries − is regulated, and this action is led the Agricultural Market Agency on behalf of the state.
7
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Bread as Food and Medicament in Oribasius’ Writings

75%
Kokoszko M., Jagusiak K., Dybała J.
Studia Ceranea
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2016
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vol. 6
355-376
EN
Treatises left by Oribasius (first and foremost his Collectiones medicae and Eclogae medicamentorum) preserve a vast body of information on the varieties of bread eaten in late antiquity, characterise them from the point of view of dietetics, list medical conditions in which a given variety is especially beneficial, and name medical preparations which include the product. The present study elaborates on Oribasius’ dietetic knowledge and his input into the development of dietetic discourse (namely his influence on Byzantine dietetic doctrine), determines Oribasius’ main information sources on bread, characterises bread as food, lists varieties which were thought to be used by physicians and explains reasons for the preferences, and finally exemplifies cures and medical preparations which include bread.
8
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Znaczenie pieczywa w codziennym życiu człowieka

63%
Ceglińska A.
Zeszyty Naukowe Uczelni Vistula
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2017
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issue 54(3) Turystyka III
30-37
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie wybranych funkcji pieczywa w codziennym życiu człowieka. Na podstawie danych literaturowych zwrócono uwagę na następujące funkcje pieczywa: podstawowy produkt zbożowy w diecie, produkt strategiczny, tradycyjny, symbol obrzędów religijnych oraz inspiracja dla poetów i malarzy. Uwzględniono także zagadnienia związane z tradycyjną technologią produkcji pieczywa oraz nowymi trendami w jej produkcji. Niezmiennie od wielu tysięcy lat podstawowymi składnikami ciasta chlebowego są mąka i woda. Człowiek jednak od dawna stara się modyfikować skład ciasta przez stosowanie dodatków lub wprowadzanie zmian w metodzie jego wytwarzania. Zmiany te są jednak rozłożone w czasie na tyle, że pieczywo można z powodzeniem uznać za żywność tradycyjną, która wywiera wpływ na kulturę, a przede wszystkim zdrowie społeczeństwa.
EN
The aim of the article was to present chosen functions breads in daily life. Based on literature data has been described the following functions breads: basic product from cereals in the diet, a strategic product, a traditional product, symbol of religious rites and inspiration for poets and painters. In the article described the traditional bread manufacturing process and new trends in the bread production. The flour and water are invariably from many thousands of years of the basic ingredients of bread dough. The man, however, has long been trying to modify the dough by the use of additives or changes in the method for its preparation. The changes modifying the dough are made over a long period of time and therefore breads can be successfully classified as traditional food, which has an impact on culture and public heath.
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Символика растений в польской народной традиции. Злаки [Rew.: Słownik stereotypów i symboli ludowych, koncepcja całości i redakcja Jerzy Bartmiński, t. 3: Rośliny, cz. 1: Zboża, Lublin: Wyd. Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej, 2017. – 404 s.]

51%
Tolstaja S. M.
Rocznik Slawistyczny
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2018
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issue 67
189-197
EN
The author highly appreciates the first issue of the third volume of the fundamental “Dictionary of folk stereotypes and symbols” (ed. prof. E. Bartminsky), dedicated to the symbolism of plants. This issue presents rich materials (language, folklore, ethnographic) related to cereals, which in the popular perception have a mythological interpretation, the daily bread is God’s gift, endowed with sacred significance.
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