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EN
The activity of Polish pre-war singing societies in the area of the Second Free City of Gdańsk was originally growing out of patriotic motives. Emphasizing Polish roots and cultivating national traditions was the most important premise for joint amateur singing. Gradually, however, the musical awareness of singers and their artistic ambitions also increased. The Polish community organized conducting courses were and educated youth at the Polish Conservatory of Music. In addition to eminent representatives of the native population, such as Tadeusz Tylewski, the group of those involved in the construction of the choral movement in pre-war Gdańsk was expanded by Kazimierz Wiłkomirski, whose arrival to the city was of enormous importance for the development of the Polish musical potential. At first, Gdańsk choirs performed popular repertoire – stylized folk songs, religious and occasional songs. In the 1930s, however, the works of the old masters and modern Polish choral music – the works of Żeleński, Maklakiewicz, Szymanowski, Szeligowski, and Wiechowicz – were reached. These repertoire items testify to the significant expansion of the executive potential of Gdańsk teams. Wiłkomirski and Tylewski also wrote to their needs, adapting their work to the specificity of the Polish musical life in prewar Gdańsk.
EN
This article shows the forms of cultural activity of Polish immigrants, the space for the implementation of which remained in Polish parishes which were established and operating in large numbers in Chicago. It focuses on aspects related to the musical life of the local Polish community in the period from the organisation of the first Polish ethnic parish in the city – St Stanislaus Kostka Parish (1867) up to 1914. As communities were formed, various parish organisations and institutions of a socio-cultural nature were established. These included choirs and singing groups focusing on the dissemination of both religious and secular music. Their formation was often initiated by church organists. Performers in these groups enriched the liturgy with their performances, prepared concerts and vocal shows. The best-known figures of the Polish music scene at that time included Antoni Małłek, Andrzej Kwasigroch and soloists Róża Kwasichroch and Agnieszka Nering. Through the emerging musical initiatives, the parish audience was able to participate in cultural life and enjoy their free time. At the same time, thanks to the repertoire presented, which included popular Polish songs as well as songs of a patriotic nature, they had an impact on promoting Polish national identity and shaping the identity of the listeners.
PL
Artykuł ukazuje formy aktywności kulturalnej polskich imigrantów, dla realizacji których przestrzenią pozostawały polskie parafie rzymskokatolickie licznie powstające i funkcjonujące w Chicago. Uwaga została w nim skupiona na aspektach związanych z życiem muzycznym miejscowej Polonii w okresie od chwili zorganizowania pierwszej polskiej parafii etnicznej w mieście – parafii św. Stanisława Kostki (1867) do roku 1914. Wraz z tworzeniem się wspólnot zawiązywano w nich rozmaite organizacje i instytucje parafialne o społeczno-kulturalnym charakterze. Były to między innymi chóry oraz zespoły śpiewacze koncentrujące się na upowszechnianiu muzyki zarówno religijnej, jak i świeckiej. Inspiratorami ich powstania byli często kościelni organiści. Wykonawcy skupieni w tych grupach swoimi występami wzbogacali liturgię, przygotowywali koncerty i popisy wokalne. Do najbardziej znanych postaci polonijnej sceny muzycznej w tym czasie należeli między innymi Antoni Małłek, Andrzej Kwasigroch oraz solistki Róża Kwasichroch i Agnieszka Nering, Za sprawą powstających inicjatyw muzycznych parafialna publiczność mogła uczestniczyć w życiu kulturalnym oraz przyjemnie spędzić wolny czas. Jednocześnie, dzięki prezentowanemu repertuarowi, w którym było miejsce między innymi na popularne utwory polskie, a także pieśni o charakterze patriotycznym, oddziaływały one na propagowanie polskości oraz kształtowanie tożsamości słuchaczy.
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