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EN
The purpose of this article is to show two views on the origin of a celibacy for a religious reason in the Catholic Church. The first one which results from the law, and the second one that has divine roots in which the source of such a life is Jesus Christ himself and his disciples. In the second part of the article there are some psychiatrists’ and theologians’ opinions about the possibilities of a mature priestly celibacy life.
PL
The love, sexuality and the punishment in the Macedonian traditional culture is considered on the basic of the ethnological-anthropological analyze. The analyze is based on the oral stories, ritual practices and oral poetry, which I take as means of communication. The love and the love emotions were in accordance with social and cultural criteria of the community in which occurred. This means that the love emotions, primarily the sexual emotions, had to be controlled, or to be shown as much as the traditional culture allowed. In general this was meant for the women and the maidens, „a woman’s chastity”, that implies the women’s purity and innocence. Otherwise the punishment commences. The betrayed young woman that has totally surrendered to the love emotions or the unjustly accused wife of infidelity is reaching towards the curse in order to satisfy the justice.
PL
Man is someone real and as such he is immersed in a world that is a task set to him as a person. Therefore, the whole world, as entirely coming from God, and entirely assigned to Him, is constantly bursting with its natural truth and good and, consequently, also beauty. This is an important perspective, both in the order of nature and in the order of grace, also because the synthesis and fulfilment of all values (perfections), which is personal fullness – holiness, is the ultimate reference of the human person to the Person of God. However, this perspective becomes comprehensible only in the field of the realism of the human person’s truth, goodness and beauty, related to their perfect Source, and therefore to the Truth, Goodness and Beauty of the Person of God Himself.In this sense, it can be said that God is the End of all perfections. Holiness itself is thus a specific peak of the elevation of human potentialities to a higher level of being. „Holiness, through the elevation of truth, goodness and beauty to the supernatural level, can fulfil the potential of human nature – reason and will, to their limits; and this fulfilment, in Christian thought, can only take place in visio beatifica, to which this life here and now is supposed to prepare us”. Let us add that the understanding and implementation of evangelical counsels: chastity, poverty and obedience, serve this growth in a particular way. The counsels are the evangelical factor stimulating and strengthening the work of the intellect and free will.
PL
Maryja nie tylko jest Matką Jezusa i Matką Kościoła, ale jest także małżonką św. Józefa i dlatego może inspirować współczesne małżeństwa. Przez to, że jest Dziewicą a jednocześnie Oblubienicą św. Józefa, swoim życiem jeszcze bardziej kieruje naszą uwagę na wartości, które leżą u podstaw relacji małżeńskich: wyłączność, zaufanie do współmałżonka, szacunek i czystość. Czystość małżeńska, której nie można mylić z dziewiczością, jest pożądaną postawą przez małżonków, gdyż jest umocnieniem prawdziwej miłości. Pisali już o tym ojcowie Kościoła, a szczególnie św. Jan Chryzostom. Odwaga Maryi w realizacji swego powołania małżeńskiego może pobudzić odwagę małżeństw w zachowywaniu przysięgi małżeńskiej.
EN
Mary is not only the Mother of Jesus, but also St Joseph’s wife, and so she may inspire the contemporary marriages. Being both a virgin and Joseph’s spouse she directs our attention to the values which form the basis of marital relationships: exclusivity, confidence, mutual respect and chastity. Marital chastity, which is not to be confused with virginity, is the desired behaviour in every marriage, as it is the consolidation of true love. It was already the subject of investigation for the Church Fathers, in particular for St John Chrysostom. Mary’s courage in the realization of her marital vocation may encourage and strengthen marriages to keep their marriage vows.
PL
W artykule omówiono kwestię czystości, jaką przedstawiono w Biblii, w Prawie Mojżeszowym. Prawodawca skoncentrował się na wielu aspektach czystości jako ważnego elementu ochrony rodziny i ciągłości pokoleniowej. W Biblii Izrael jest uważany za wielopokoleniową wspólnotę rodzin, w której panuje miłość, radość i szacunek do życia. Bóg Biblii chroni Izrael, zabraniając wielu zachowań seksualnych (zwłaszcza w obrębie relacji rodzinnych) i innych zboczeń. Kulty i uwielbienia wymagające seksualnej aktywności są nie do pomyślenia, zarówno w kontekście bałwochwalstwa, jak i w kontekście judaizmu. Rodzina jest zobowiązana chronić swoje córki, czyli młode pokolenie, od prostytucji, a nawet złej reputacji. Rodzice muszą uczyć swoje dzieci, aby zachowywały czystość i spełniały wszystkie wymagania Prawa Mojżeszowego dotyczące życia rodzinnego.
EN
The paper discusses the issue of chastity as it is presented in the Law of Moses. Since the chastity is an important element of the family protection and generational continuity, the Lawgiver concentrated on many aspects of it. First of all, Israel is considered to be a community of families and a unity of long lasting generations. It is destined to celebrate life and to enjoy love and joy of a community. Second, Israeli people are strictly prohibited from a wide range of sexual behavior especially inside the family relations, and from various perversions. The cults and worship involving a sexual activity are unthinkable both in context of idolatry and in context of Judaism. Next, the family is obliged to protect its daughters, i.e. young generation, from prostitution and even bad reputation. And finally, parents have to teach their children to keep chastity and to fulfill all the requirements of the Law of Moses concerning family life.
EN
The issue of celibacy obligations for clerics according to the Code of Canon Law of 1983 was taken up in the article. This problem contains the following items: 1) theological and legal basis for the celibacy obligation; 2) celibacy obligation in the Code of Canon Law of 1983; 3) celibacy in selected documents issued after the Code of Canon Law of 1983; 4) conclusion. Legislator in can. 277, binding the clerics to celibacy, indicates the source of this obligation, what is the candidate’s own will to the orders. According to the can. 277, celibacy means chastity sensu stricto (in a perfect way). Canon Law regulation concerning celibacy law has a long Church tradition. When cleric does not obey this obligation, penal sanctions are applied. Celibacy which is voluntarily accepted and experienced in a proper way is a spiritual reality sign, contributes to the salvation of souls which is the supreme law in the Church.
EN
Friendships with the most various kinds of people played an important role in the life of Saint John Paul II. In his reflections on friendship, the pope elaborates Thomistic categories from his personalist perspective. According to Pope Wojtyła, friendship is a specific form of chaste love. Among the friends, it works out a deep union that is an image of the triune God and an anticipation of the everlasting communion of the saints.
PL
Przyjaźnie z ludźmi odegrały ważną rolę w życiu świętego Jana Pawła II. W swoich rozważaniach na temat przyjaźni papież opracowuje kategorie tomistyczne z perspektywy personalizmu. Według papieża Wojtyły przyjaźń jest swoistą formą czystej miłości. Wśród przyjaciół rozwija się głęboka jedność, która jest obrazem Trójjedynego Boga i antycypacją wiecznej komunii świętych.
EN
The article is divided into two paragraphs. The first paragraph presents St. Augustine’s opinion on the husband as a person. His remarks on the appearance as well as the personal values of a man and husband are discussed.The second paragraph deals with the issue of personality formation, including such points as the care to form moral goodness, especially the virtues of chastity and continence. This paragraph also considers St. Augustine’s view on concupiscence. The bishop of Hippo not only assesses concupiscence but also gives encouragement to overcome it and at the same time suggests methods that enable its control.Keywords
EN
The article discusses both the theology and liturgy of the Consecration of Virgins on the basis of the renewed “Rite of Consecration of Virgins” after Vatican II. The new rites which refer to the most ancient consecrated life traditions in the Church have a structure marked by simplicity and contain a deep theology of consecrated life. The Rite presents the consecration of virgins as a par-ticular type of a constitutive blessing which can be bestowed only once in a lifetime. Through her consecration, the virgin enters into a unique and particular relationship with Christ and the Church, as she becomes His bride. Virginity constitutes a continuation and a completion of the baptismal consecration. The liturgical texts show that it is the initiative and the gift of God who makes present the bridal love of Christ for the Church. Consecrated virginity is shown as the fruit of the action of the Holy Spirit. Consecrated persons foreshadow the eschatological times and the new reality which will become the lot of the faithful in the Heavenly Jerusalem. The Rite clearly emphasizes the eschatological aspect of virginity with many references to the Eucharist and the offertory gifts which are consecrated during the Eucharistic Prayer.
PL
Doceniając wartość dziewictwa poświęconego Bogu, Kościół bardzo wcześnie stworzył liturgiczne obrzędy przyjęcia w stan, określany jako dziewictwo konsekrowane. Na przestrzeni wieków modlitwa konsekracyjna została ubogacona innymi obrzędami liturgicznymi i tak powstały Obrzędy konsekracji dziewic, które stały się częścią Pontyfikału rzymskiego. Nowa księga liturgiczna ma dwa obrzędy konsekracji dziewic. Pierwszy do-tyczy konsekracji dziewic żyjących w świecie, a drugi konsekracji mniszek. Ten drugi obrzęd łączy profesję zakonną z konsekracją dziewic. Celem artykułu jest ukazanie teologicznego i symbolicznego znaczenia poszczególnych obrzędów, składających się na konsekrację dziewic. Przedstawione zostaną także dodatkowe elementy, które są charakterystyczne dla profesji mniszek.
PL
W artykule omówiono czystość jako wartość rozpatrywaną w ujęciu psychospołecznym i kulturowym. Przypomniano podstawowe definicje wartości, główne poglądy na ten temat, a także ich znaczenie dla nauk, takich jak filozofia, psychologia, socjologia oraz pedagogika. Przedstawiono też główne aspekty judeochrześcijańskiego postrzegania czystości, które dotyczą różnych stanów czystości: młodzieńczo-dziewiczej, narzeczeńskiej i małżeńskiej, a także celibatu (życie kapłańskie i zakonne). Przytoczono poglądy biblijne wyrażone w tekstach Starego i Nowego Testamentu. Zwrócono uwagę na zagrożenia dla czystości w dzisiejszym społeczeństwie, a także na negatywne konsekwencje odrzucenia wartości czystości – duchowe, psychiczne, zdrowotne itp. Wyszczególniono też szereg pozytywnych skutków – zarówno indywidualnych, jak i społecznych zachowania cnoty czystości. Po uwzględnieniu danych statystycznych dostępnych w literaturze przedmiotu wyciągnięto wniosek o konieczności powrotu do traktowania czystości jako wartości, propagowania jej w mediach oraz kształtowania odpowiednich postaw w procesie wychowawczym.
EN
In the paper, the chastity is presented as a value in terms of psycho-sociological and cultural life. The basic definition of the value and the mainstream views on this topic were recalled, as well as their impact on the sciences like philosophy, psychology, pedagogics etc. The main aspects of the Judeo-Christian view on chastity value were described pointing out the different states of chastity: youth, premarital, spouse and celibacy (priests and monks). The biblical perspective was shown, using the passages from both Old and New Testaments as well. Today’s societies turning away from chastity produces a range of factors threating the chastity, despite the numerous negative consequences of unchastity and unmoral behavior. Those consequents on spiritual life, psychical state and health were pointed out, too. Moreover, the positive impact of chastity on individuals and societies was emphasized. Considering the statistical data available in the publications, the main conclusion was that it is inevitable to restore the value of the chastity, to propagate it in media and to include it into the parenting and educational processes.
11
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Życie konsekrowane a ekumenizm

51%
EN
The consecrated life is the following of Jesus Christ through a life of chastity, poverty and obedience. It was born in the Christian east of the undivided Church. From there it was transferred to the Christian west and took various forms. They were rejected by the Reformation. This state survived until the twentieth century. That can be called a kind of renaissance of consecrated life in the Protestant churches. The resulting monastic communities also open to other Christian denominations. The consecrated life filled with constant prayer leading to personal conversion and spousal union with Christ, which are considered the foundation of the ecumenical movement and its purpose.
Vox Patrum
|
2018
|
vol. 70
227-241
EN
The article discusses the influence of the way of the monastic dress code on helping nuns and monks stay on their spiritual path during formation. The Focus of the study are the rules for nuns and monks developed in the 6th and 7th centuries in Gaul and Spain. The authors of the rules were convinced that the very strict requirements regarding the clothing, as well as the behavior, of consecrated per­sons, serve the practice of seeking virtue through poverty, obedience and humility. It was required that all the inhabitants of a monastery should wear simple habits with natural colors that no one could consider to be their property. Attention was also paid to the asceticism of sight and the way of walking, which served to pre­serve the virtue of purity. For the same reason, one was not allowed to take too many baths, except in the case of disease. The whole life of the celibate nuns and monks should be focused on the caring for the development of their spiritual life, and not on the pursuit of external appearance. The humble acceptance of poor attire, temperance in care for the body, and the ability to exercise self-control his eyesight, testified to the spiritual maturity of the nun and the monk.
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